药用植物太空育种研究进展

药用植物的品质决定中药产品的质量和疗效,而药用植物育种是提高中药材产量和质量的关键。太空育种作为一种新的育种技术近年来在药用植物研究领域得到重点发展。在查阅相关文献的基础上,归纳了近年来药用植物太空育种在生物性状、细胞学、有效成分变化、分子标记、安全性等不同方向的研究进展和基本结论,总结了国内外在该领域取得的工作成果,分析了药用植物太空育种的特殊性及其研究存在的问题。认为将太空育种用于药用植物新品种的选育,可加快药材品种选育进程,提高育种质量。目前在药用植物空间生物学、后代性状遗传稳定性和有效成分变化规律等方面研究欠缺,建议加强药用植物太空育种基础理论研究投入,明晰诱变因素和诱变机制,进一步提高育种预见性和育种效率;建立具有药用植物特点的综合评价系统和新品种审定体系;针对药用植物太空育种的安全性和空间环境处理后有效成分种类和含量变化问题开展风险评价研究。     

固定床厌氧反应器处理高浓度糖蜜废水

为开发高效处理高浓度有机废水的厌氧沼气发酵技术,以活性炭纤维作为生物膜载体,在实验室规模上对固定床厌氧反应器处理高浓度糖蜜废水的运行性能进行了研究。初始进水COD为5 000 mg/L,水力停留时间（HRT）保持在2 d左右。在进水COD为47 000 mg/L以内时,相应的有机容积负荷（OLR,COD含量）达到21.38 kg/(m3×d),COD去除率保持在86%以上,沼气容积产气率为9.51 L /(L×d),甲烷容积产气率为6.46 L /(L×d);当OLR进一步从21.38 kg/(m3×d) 逐步升高到35.13、39.06、44.88 kg/(m3×d) 时,COD去除率从86.48%分别降低到74.40%,67.02% 和63.50%,相应的沼气容积产气率为13.71,13.98和11.44 L/(L×d),甲烷容积产气率为8.84,8.67和5.89 L/(L×d)。进水的pH值通常在3.5～5.6之间,OLR低于35.13 kg/(m3×d) 时,无需对pH值进行中和调节,出水的pH值自然维持在6.8～7.6的良好状态,超出此范围,则需加碱对进水的pH值作适当调节。最终进水COD高达78 600 mg/L,相应的OLR为44.88 kg/(m3×d)。在165 d的运行过程中污泥形成量小,没有发生堵塞现象,固定床厌氧反应器表现出高效的处理酸性高浓度有机废水和较强的抗负荷冲击的能力。     

快速提取番茄总DNA应用于规模化PCR检测

在传统方法的基础上经多次实践改进,得到一种简单快速从番茄叶片中提取总DNA的方法.所提取的DNA纯度高,浓度较大,可用于对转基因番茄进行稳定而准确的规模化PCR检测.     

新型补偿电流控制方法在有源电力滤波器中的应用

提出了一种新型的有源电力滤波器电流检测和控制方法,在补偿谐波电流的同时还可以进行无功补偿。介绍了基于DSP处理器的硬件电路设计。仿真软件PSCAD的实验结果表明,本研究采用的电流检测和控制方法是准确有效的。     

禽波氏杆菌病研究进展

禽波氏杆菌病是由禽波氏杆菌引起的一种火鸡的传染病。本文综述了该病的病原特性,临床症状与病理变化,诊断方法,以及该病的治疗与预防。     

三种嗅源嗅认方式在德国牧羊犬鉴别训练中的效果研究

本实验遵循警犬生理结构原理和警犬鉴别训练原理,科学合理地设计了警犬鉴别训练实验内容和指标.用15头鉴别联系较牢固的德国牧羊犬,在同一气味条件下采取三种嗅源嗅认方式(握嘴嗅认嗅源、罐内嗅认嗅源、隐蔽式嗅认嗅源)进行鉴别并对全过程的表现分别记录并统计.通过此实验来研究同一气味条件下不同嗅源嗅认方式对德国牧羊犬鉴别训练效果的影响,以便为警犬鉴别训练补充相关的理论依据,总结不同嗅源嗅认方式的优缺点,为探索更好的鉴别训练方法及嗅源嗅认方式积累相关数据和经验.     

产浆周期与王浆采收量变化的研究

以西方蜜蜂(Apis mellifera)生产的蜂王浆为研究对象,从24～72 h每隔4 h设置一个收获时长,共设置13个收获时长,采用1日龄幼虫进行蜂王浆生产.研究时长因子对蜂王浆产量的影响,分析不同收获时长蜂王浆样品的单台产量随采收时长改变而变化的情况.主要研究结果如下: (1)在相同的生产时长条件下.采取56、64、68 h这3种采收时长时,蜂王浆的单框产量与对照组(72 h生产时长收取蜂王浆的单框产量)比较没有显著的差异;其他9个生产时长分别与对照组比较均有显著差异. (2)单台产量随生产时长的增大呈不完全增加趋势.产量最低的是24 h的蜂王浆.单台产量为0.051 0 g;最高的是72 h的蜂王浆,为0.568 6 g.     

大豆异黄酮的生理功能

近年来,大豆异黄酮由于雌激素效应而倍受关注。该文综述了大豆异黄酮的的来源、组成结构、代谢、生理功能、作用机制及其在畜牧生产上的应用,并指出了大豆异黄酮需进一步研究的问题。     

Agrobiodiversity loss and livelihood vulnerability as a consequence of converting from subsistence farming systems to commercial plantation‐dominated systems in Xishuangbanna,Yunnan, China: A household level analysis

Production of rice (Oryza sativa) under a shifting cultivation system (swidden rice) and paddy fields (wet rice) is an important livelihood strategy in Xishuangbanna, Yunnan, China where households are facing conversion from subsistence systems to commercial plantation‐dominated systems represented by smallholder rubber plantations. However, there are few studies of the effects on rice production and varieties diversity, as well as livelihood effects at a household level during this conversion. This paper presents a household level analysis of agrobiodiversity loss and food security, as well as livelihood vulnerability during agroecosystems' conversion in Xishuangbanna. First, a quantitative assessment was made of the statistical data for rice and rubber production during the past 50 years in Xishuangbanna and at a village level from 1985 to 2005 for three villages from the valley floor and upland hills, respectively. Second, at a household level, 60 per cent of households from the three villages were investigated with a questionnaire from 1998 to 2005. The process of transformation has led to significant changes in the household's income and its proportion. Meanwhile, households have suffered livelihood vulnerability from excessive rubber plantations. The centrality of rice in Southeast Asian agricultural and social systems, contrasted with the significant erosion of rice‐based agroecosystem of local households, calls for increased attention to the livelihood vulnerability during this conversion. Correspondingly, practical strategies to resolve livelihood vulnerability are proposed, such as construction of paddy and effective irrigation systems for food security, agroforestry systems in rubber plantation, instead of monoculture, and diversification of sources of household income. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Purification and characterization of trimethylamine-N-oxide demethylase from jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas)

Trimethylamine-N-oxide demethylase (TMAOase) was purified from Jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) and characterized in detail herein. The TMAOase was extracted from squid with 20 mM Tris-acetate buffer (pH 7.0) containing 1.0 M NaCl, followed by acid treatment and heat treatment. Then it was purified by deithylaminoethyl-cellulose and Sephacryl S-300 chromatography, subsequently resulting in an 839-fold purification. The molecular mass of the TMAOase was defined to be 17.5 kDa. The optimum pH of the purified TMAOase was 7.0, and its optimum temperature was confirmed to be 55 degrees C. The TMAOase was stable to heat treatment up to 50 degrees C and stable at pH 7.0-9.0. Reducing agents such as DTT, Na2SO3, and NADH were effective at activating TMAOase, and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, as well as Mg2+ and Ca2+, could also enhance the activity of TMAOase remarkably, whereas the TMAOase could be significantly inhibited by tea polyphenol, phytic acid and acetic acid. In addition, the TMAOase converted TMAO to dimethylamine and formaldehyde stoichiometrically with a K(m) of 26.2 mM.