苹果园不同覆盖材料对土壤与近地微域环境及树体生长发育的影响

干旱是影响陇东雨养区苹果生产的主要限制因素之一,覆盖保墒是保证该区苹果稳产丰产的重要措施。为了探寻适宜于陇东地区苹果园的覆盖保墒措施,于19年生‘长富2号’苹果园,采用覆盖麦草(WM)、覆盖细河沙(SM)、覆盖黑色地膜(FM)的地表连续3年(2010年11月—2013年11月)覆盖处理,以清耕(CK)为对照,研究不同覆盖材料对果园环境及树体生长发育的影响。结果表明:4—6月干旱期,3年各覆盖处理0~100 cm土层的平均含水量均显著(P0.01)高于对照,且WM处理SM处理FM处理CK;覆盖第3年,从花芽膨大到果实采收,叶幕形成(幼果期)前0~500 cm土层WM处理和SM处理的耗水量显著(P0.01)低于CK,叶幕形成后则显著(P0.05)高于CK,但耗水总量略低于CK;FM处理在叶幕形成前后均显著(P0.01)高于CK。WM处理降低3—8月份5~25 cm各层土壤温度,而升高了9—11月份土温,但5~25 cm平均地温日变幅始终显著(P0.05)低于CK,同时近地表气温降低相对湿度升高;SM处理对地温的影响较小,但明显提高近地表气温而降低相对湿度;FM处理的地温及日变幅始终高于CK,近地表气温和相对湿度与CK接近。各种覆盖处理对苹果物候期均无明显影响。总体0~60 cm土层各种养分含量顺序为WM处理CKFM处理SM处理,且WM处理随年份增幅较大;FM处理0~20 cm土层与SM处理0~60 cm各土层的有机质、全氮和碱解氮等养分随年份降低最明显,相应的全盐量(包括WM处理0~20 cm土层)均显著(P0.01)低于CK。各种覆盖处理增加了苹果树体枝条生长量,但对枝类组成影响都不大。各种覆盖处理增加了果实单果重及产量,均以WM处理显著(P0.05)高于CK。水分利用效率WM处理显著(P0.01)高于其他处理。综上所述,陇东雨养区苹果园覆盖麦草效果较佳,长期覆沙和覆膜土壤须补充有机肥及其他养分,单一覆膜还需完善。     

基于高垄种植的花生播种施肥机设计与试验

起垄栽培因其能提高地温、增加土壤透气性、促进植物根系生长发育及增加产量,已得到广大农户的认可和采用,但起垄播种装备有待进一步完善.为此,研制了一种基于高垄种植的花生播种施肥机,主要由旋耕机、起垄装置、机架、播种、施肥、喷药和覆膜装置等部分组成,可一次性完成起垄、施肥、播种、喷药、覆膜及压膜等作业,并有效解决了起垄高度不...     

不同离子对水稻田土壤甲烷氧化活性影响的研究

研究了矿质元素不同的阴离子和阳离子与黄松泥田水稻土壤氧化甲烷活性之间的相关性。结果表明 ,不同的阴离子和阳离子对甲烷氧化活性的影响有显著性差异 ,不同浓度的同一种阴离子或阳离子对甲烷氧化活性的影响也有显著性差异。Na+较K+对土壤甲烷氧化活性具有更强的抑制作用。NH4+和NO2-可与甲烷氧化竞争土壤中的分子氧而有明显的抑制作用。Cr3+对微生物具毒性而影响土壤的甲烷氧化。阴离子PO43-和CO32-无明显影响。这种影响的差异性不仅与阴离子和阳离子本身的理化特征有关 ,而且与土壤对阳离子的吸附力及阴离子与土壤的相互作用强度有关。土壤理化特性同样影响阴离子和阳离子对甲烷氧化活性影响的强弱     

Modeling of urban trees’ effects on reducing human exposure to UV radiation in Seoul,Korea

A mathematical model is constructed for quantifying urban trees’ effects on mitigating the intensity of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the ground within different land use types across a city. The model is based upon local field data, meteorological data and equations designed to predict the reduced UV fraction due to trees at the ground level. Trees in Seoul, Korea (2010), produced average UV protection factors (UPF) for pedestrians in tree shade at solar noon (May to August) of 8.3 for park and cemetery land uses and 3.0 for commercial and transportation land uses. The highest daily UPF was 11.8 in the park and cemetery land uses, which has the highest percent canopy cover. This UV model is being implemented within the i-Tree modeling system to allow cities across the world to estimate tree effects on UV exposure. Understanding the impacts of urban trees on UV exposure can be used in developing landscape design strategies to help protect urban populations from UV exposure and consequent health impacts.     

Evidence of Long-Range Transport of Pollutants from the Size-Fractionated Ionic Composition of Aerosols in the Jeju Island of Korea

The ionic composition of total suspended particulate (TSP) and fine (PM_2.5) fractions was investigated from an 1,100 site in the middle of Mt. Halla in Jeju Island, Korea from March to November 2006. The sum concentrations of cation and anion species in TSP fraction were 205 ± 170 and 183 ± 164 neq m^?3, respectively, while those for PM_2.5 as 118 ± 129 and 88.5 ± 89.3 neq m^?3, respectively. In TSP, the concentration of the major ions changed in the order of SO₄ ^2? > NH₄ ⁺ > Ca²⁺ > Na⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?, while its PM_2.5 counterpart as NH₄ ⁺ > SO₄ ^2? > Ca²⁺ > NO₃ ^? > Na⁺ > Mg²⁺ > K⁺ > Cl^?. Inspection of the temporal variabilities of ionic components indicated that most ions peaked in spring or fall months. The back trajectory analysis showed that the atmospheric composition of the major ionic species was affected fairly sensitively by long-range transport from China under the favorable meteorological conditions. In contrast, the lowest ionic concentration levels were seen most abundantly, when air masses passed from South Sea. Hence, the analysis of ionic concentration data suggests that their distributions are controlled by the combined effects of various source processes including the most prominent Chinese origin and the meteorological condition favorable for such transport.     

我国北缘桔区柑桔主要病虫害综合治理技术体系的研究

在对柑桔主要病虫害综合防治技术系统研究的基础上,以我国北缘桔区特定的生态条件为背景,结合现有的生产水平,组建了我国北缘桔区柑桔主要病虫害综合治理技术体系.该体系由关键性技术、信息、决策、推广和评价反馈5大系统组成;并概述了该体系建立的原理和指导思想.在汉中市、南郑县、勉县的5年试验示范表明,该技术体系的运转实施,经济、社会和生态效益显著提高.     

Investigation of Biofilm Formation,Virulence Genes and agr Typing of Staphylococcus aureus from Bovine Mastitis Cases

The objective of the present study was to investigate the biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, virulence genes, and agr genotypes of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated from bovine mastitis cases, and to analyze the correlations between agr genotypes and virulence genes. Biofilm formation, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence genes for 336 strains of S. aureus were detected by microtiter plate method, disk diffusion method, and PCR respectively, and the agr typing of tested strains was determined by multiplex PCR. The results showed that all 336 strains of S. aureus from bovine mastitis were biofilm producers, among which 52.1% and 47.9% of isolates tested were moderate (++) and strong (+++) biofilm producers, respectively. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing demonstrated that S. aureus strains were highly resistant to penicillin, with a resistance rate of 91.7%, followed by erythromycin (89.6%), kanamycin (72.9%), clindamycin (66.7%) and gentamicin (60.4%). However, all isolates were sensitive to nitrofurantoin and linezolid. PCR results showed that the prevalence of fnbA gene was the highest (99.7%), followed by icaD (98.2%), icaA (89.6%), clfA (86.0%), cna (56.0%), and bap (14.6%) genes. Moreover, the sea, seb, sec and tst genes were found in 26.5%, 8.3%, 6.8% and 8.3% of the isolates, respectively. The agr typing results showed that S. aureus strains belonging to agr Ⅰ was predominant in our study, accounting for 77.1% of the isolates, and the frequencies of agr Ⅱ, agr Ⅲ and agr Ⅳ genotypes were 14.0%, 4.8% and 2.1%, respectively. Statistical analysis indicated that the strains of S. aureus belonging to agr Ⅰ genotype have the potential to carry more virulence genes, while no toxin genes could be found in any of the strains belonging to agr Ⅳ. The results revealed high antimicrobial resistance to common antimicrobial agents in S. aureus isolated from bovine mastitis milk samples. Moreover, agr Ⅰ was the predominant genotype with diverse toxin genes in S. aureus from bovine mastitis, and the potential hazard should be of concern.     

国内外婴幼儿配方乳粉标示值与实际含量的比较分析

为了解乳粉标签上的信息是否与其内在质量相符,本文对国外品牌和国内品牌的婴幼儿配方乳粉进行了标示值与实际含量的比较分析。结果表明,国外与国内婴幼儿配方乳粉的样品合格率基本持平,品牌合格率则国内婴幼儿配方乳粉较高;主要问题均为维生素指标和矿物质指标的实际含量与标示值不符。此问题应引起国内外乳粉生产企业的重视。     

NEW INSIGHTS INTO THE PHYLOGENY AND SPECIATION OF KUMQUAT (FORTUNELLA SPP.) BASED ON CHLOROPLAST SNP,NUCLEAR SSR AND WHOLE-GENOME SEQUENCING

Kumquat(Fortunella spp.) is a fruit and ornamental crop worldwide due to the palatable taste and high ornamental value of its fruit. Although Fortunella is classified into the economically important true citrus fruit tree group together with Citrus and Poncirus, few studies have been focused on its evolutionary scenario. In this study, analysis of five chloroplast loci and 47 nuclear microsatellites(n SSR) loci from 38 kumquat and 10 citrus accessions revealed the independent phylogeny of Fortun...