A pioneering survey of deep-diving and off-shore cetaceans in the northern South China Sea

A pioneering boat-based survey was conducted in 2019, to gather baseline information regarding the presence, composition, relative abundance, and spatial distribution of deep-diving and off-shore cetaceans in the northern South China Sea (SCS). A total of 27 sightings comprising at least 8 cetacean species were recorded during the 13-day survey, including 5 deep-diving species (i.e. Risso's dolphin [Grampus griseus], short-finned pilot whale [Globicephala macrorhynchus], sperm whale [Physeter macrocephalus], Cuvier's beaked whale [Ziphius cavirostris], and an unidentified beaked whale [either the ginkgo-toothed beaked whale, Mesoplodon ginkgodens, or Deraniyagala's beaked whale, Mesoplodon hotaula]), as well as 3 off-shore dolphins (i.e. pantropical spotted dolphin [Stenella attenuate], striped dolphin [Stenella coeruleoalba], and Fraser's dolphin [Lagenodelphis hosei]). With the exception of pantropical spotted dolphins, all other species were sighted and recorded at sea in the northern SCS for the first time. The pantropical spotted dolphin was the most frequently sighted species, comprising 30% of the total sightings. Deep-diving cetaceans were mainly sighted in the northern Xisha Archipelago, whereas off-shore dolphins were distributed across the survey area. The pantropical spotted dolphin was observed in aggregations of more than 100 individuals and nearly all encountered species included calves; these findings suggested that the survey area functions as an important feeding and calving ground for various cetacean species. This pioneering survey provides fundamental information regarding cetacean fauna in the northern SCS and highlights the need to strengthen research and conservation efforts concerning these species.     

绵羊心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白基因单核苷酸多态性分析

试验旨在探讨心脏脂肪酸结合蛋白（heart fatty acid-binding protein,H-FABP）基因在绵羊中的遗传多态性,并寻找可用于辅助选择的分子标记。本研究以滩羊（250只）及滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代（174只）为试验动物,利用SNaPshot分型技术对H-FABP基因（GenBank登录号：AY157617）的多态位点进行单核苷酸多态性（SNP）分析,统计基因频率和基因型频率,进行Hardy-Weinberg平衡性检测,计算期望杂合度（He）、多态信息含量（PIC）和有效等位基因数（Ne）等遗传多态指标,分析候选基因不同基因型与体重、体长、体高、胸围、胸深、胸宽和管围等生长性状的关联性。结果显示：①检测到9个多态位点：939[A/G]、980[G/A]、1018[T/C]、2878[C/T]、2956[C/T]、3017[G/A]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]、1056[-/G],其中有6处转换、2处颠换、1处单碱基插入。②939[A/G]、980[G/A]、2956[C/T]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]和1018[T/C]的He为0.3200~0.4666,PIC为0.2688~0.3577;2878[C/T]、3017[G/A]位点的He为0.0283~0.1272,PIC为0.0279~0.1191,为低度多态;1056[-/G]位点的He在滩羊、滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代群体中分别为0.0120和0,PIC在滩羊、滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代群体中分别为0.0119和0;9个多态位点在滩羊、滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代群体中均符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡定律。③5个多态位点：939[A/G]、980[G/A]、2956[C/T]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]处于紧密连锁（D'>0.99）,将H-FABP基因分为3个单倍型：AA、AB和BB。④在41只滩羊×湖羊杂交F1代羊中,BB单倍型在各生产性状上具有最大值,但各单倍型间差异不显著（P>0.05）。结果表明,绵羊H-FABP基因具有丰富的遗传多态性,939[A/G]、980[G/A]、2956[C/T]、3341[G/C]、3394[T/A]5个位点紧密连锁,BB单倍型可能是与绵羊生产性状相关的优势单倍型。     

成年梅花鹿维持能量需要的研究

选用4头成年梅花公鹿,采用回归分析法,设置不同的能量进食水平,应用北京农业大学KB-Ⅰ型呼吸测热室测定其各自的产热量,将所测得的梅花鹿的代谢能日采食量(MEI)与日产热量(HP)代入Lofgreen的曲线回归方程(1gHp=a+bMEI),求得梅花鹿的维持代谢能需要量(MEm)为516KJ/W~(0.75)kg;维持代谢能利用效率(Km)为0.707;每日产热量与食入代谢能水平呈强直线相关(P<0.01):HP/W~(0.75)=304.84+0.413MEI/W~(0.75)。     

植物源农药对刺梨白粉病田间防效及其品质和产量的影响

为筛选有效防治刺梨白粉病的植物源农药, 以‘贵农5号’为试材, 研究5种植物源农药对刺梨白粉病的防治效果以及对果实品质及产量的影响。结果表明, 连续两次施药后, 植物源农药对刺梨白粉病防效良好, 能提高果实品质, 增加产量; 其中, 0.5%大黄素甲醚AS、0.5%小檗碱AS药后7 d防效分别为88.09%、85.82%, 药后14 d 防效分别为82.07%、83.27%, 与化学药剂相当; 0.5%大黄素甲醚AS处理组果实品质最佳, 相对化学药剂处理果实中可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、维生素C含量分别提高22.11%、24.58%、11.26%, 抗氧化能力增强6.72%; 6%大蒜素EC、0.5%大黄素甲醚AS、0.5%小檗碱AS处理与化学药剂25%嘧菌酯SC处理相比产量无明显差异, 增产作用相当, 增产率分别为143.02%、152.29%、148.38%; 从对刺梨白粉病田间防治效果、果实品质、产量等因素综合考虑, 0.5%大黄素甲醚AS是防治刺梨白粉病的最佳植物源农药。     

The discovery of HNPC‐A3066: a novel strobilurin acaricide

BACKGROUND: Although more than ten strobilurin analogues have been commercialized since 1996 as fungicides, only one was available as an acaricide as of 2003. To search for novel strobilurin analogues with unique biological activities, a synthetic screening programme was carried out. RESULTS: Syntheses of compounds analogous to the commercialized fungicide metominostrobin and the acaricide fluacrypyrim led to the discovery of a lead compound, (E)‐2‐{2‐[[3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenoxy]methyl]phenyl}‐2‐(methoxyimino)‐N‐methylacetamide (3b), that showed moderate acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae Koch. Compound 3b has a 3,5‐(CF₃)₂‐phenoxymethyl group instead of the unsubstituted phenoxy substituent in metominostrobin. Optimization of compound 3b was achieved by introducing an oxime ether bridge along with an alkylthio(alkyl) branch in place of the oxymethylene chain between two aromatic moieties, as well as by replacing the methoxyiminoacetamide group with a methoxyacrylate structure, leading to (E)‐ methyl 2‐{2‐[[[(Z)[1‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐2‐methylthioethylidene]amino]oxy] methyl]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate (6c) and (E)‐ methyl 2‐{2‐[[[(Z)[1‐(3,5‐bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)‐1‐methylthiomethylidene]amino]oxy]methyl]phenyl}‐3‐methoxyacrylate (9a, HNPC‐A3066). CONCLUSION: The above two compounds (6c, 9a) were shown to exhibit potent acaricidal and fungicidal activity. Compound 9a (HNPC‐A3066) also exhibits larvicidal and ovicidal activities against various acarids. The acaricidal potency is comparable with those of commercial acaricides such as fluacrypyrim, tebufenpyrad and chlorfenapyr. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

两种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱MED隐种的田间笼罩控效评价

为明确烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci MED隐种优势寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂Eretmocerus hayati ZolnerowichRose与浅黄恩蚜小蜂Encarsia sophia GiraultDodd对其控制效果的影响,在棉田尼龙纱网笼罩中释放烟粉虱之后,再分别单独释放海氏桨角蚜小蜂、浅黄恩蚜小蜂以及二者以不同比例组合(1∶1、1∶3、3∶1)释放,定期调查统计2种蚜小蜂对烟粉虱的寄生量和烟粉虱的种群动态。结果表明,相对于不放蜂对照,自首次放蜂后40 d开始,所有放蜂处理均能显著降低烟粉虱若虫种群密度,每100 cm~2叶片上均少于1.00头,但各处理间的烟粉虱种群密度无显著差异;海氏桨角蚜小蜂和浅黄恩蚜小蜂以3∶1比例组合释放的处理中对烟粉虱的寄生量最高,每100 cm~2棉花叶片上能达到4.25头。表明在棉田中对烟粉虱进行生物防治时,以初级寄生蜂海氏桨角蚜小蜂与复寄生蜂浅黄恩蚜小蜂为3∶1的比例释放,可以到达较好的控制效果。     

基于激光扫描匹配的移动机器人相对定位技术研究

移动机器人定位问题是机器人导航和控制领域的一个关键性问题,直接影响位置精度。本文利用激光扫描匹配,基于Fourier变换的位移理论和相似变换下的Fourier-Mellin不变量,提出了一种室内移动机器人相对定位方法。该方法属于点-点对应式匹配方法,可实现移动机器人连续状态下的复杂环境信息匹配。获取机器人连续不同时刻下的环境信息,将前一状态时刻作为参考扫描,后一状态时刻作为当前扫描,建立相关定位参数数学模型;在算法上采取降维处理,连续使用3次1D Fourier-Mellin得到所需要的相对定位参数,即旋转和平移增量;与一种基于提取角点特征的特征-特征式匹配方法进行了对比性实验,证明了所提方法在定位精度和计算复杂度上的优越性,以及对复杂环境的适应性。     

厌氧消化液氨氮吹脱回收整体处理装置设计与中试试验

为了促进氨氮吹脱回收工艺处理厌氧消化液的工程化应用,针对投碱量较大、吹脱时易产生泡沫和能耗较高等问题,设计了一套厌氧消化液氨氮吹脱回收整体处理工艺装置。该整体处理装置由高效预处理单元、p H值调节单元及氨氮吹脱与回收单元3个功能单元组成,采用了低耗逆流循环吹脱方法。完成设计后在京郊沼气站进行了中试装置示范搭建,并于2015年8月—11月中旬进行了现场中试试验和工艺优化。结果表明,投加22 g/L生石灰时厌氧消化液pH值可达到运行要求值(10.5以上),并且在水温和气液比分别为(30.7±2.5)℃和960时,氨氮去除率可达(55.8±2.2)%。研究发现虽然投加石灰干粉具有简便性,但是利用率较低,采用投加石灰浆的方法可以有效避免投加干粉的缺陷,可减少7.5 g/L的投加量。同时研究发现不同厂商生石灰中有效氧化钙的含量差别较大,提升厌氧消化液pH值的性能存在较大差异,并分析得出了不同温度下的建议投碱量。该整体处理装置在常温和低气液比(0~1 000)条件下达到了相对稳定的氨氮脱除效率,具有较好的应用推广前景。     

基于土壤大孔隙流提升城市园林绿地土壤入渗能力的思考

城市绿地是海绵城市建设的重要功能单元之一,城市土壤入渗能力的提升将对海绵城市的建设起到重要的促进作用。该研究从城市绿地土壤结构改良、入渗功能提升等角度出发,探讨了借助人工措施、动物资源以及植物根系,构建土壤大孔隙优先流网络体系,促进降雨高效入渗、减少地表径流、补给城市地下水资源的可行性,为城市绿地在海绵城市建设中作用的发挥提供新的思路。     

小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾的抗药性现状及治理对策

综述了长江流域小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾对各类农药的抗性现状及其抗性治理对策,并针对田间小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾常与其它害虫混发的特点,提出了具体的防治办法。