联合SBAS-InSAR和PSO-BP算法的高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性评价

近年来,高山峡谷区地质灾害频频发生,给人民生命和财产安全带来严重威胁。针对现有地质灾害评价方法存在地质灾害数据时效性差、不准确以及需进行大量评价因子权值计算等弊端,该研究提出一种联合SBAS-InSAR（Small Baseline Subsets- Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar）和PSO-BP（Particle Swarm Optimization-Back Propagation）算法来对高山峡谷区地质灾害危险性进行评价的方法。首先利用SBAS-InSAR技术获取得到研究区升降轨形变量,引入高分辨率影像等作为辅助识别,得到研究区地质灾害数据;然后,选取高程、坡度、升降形变速率等12个评价因子与是否为高危险区构建PSO-BP模型,对模型进行训练、验证并保存模型;利用保存好的模型得到研究区的地质灾害指数,通过ArcGIS自然间断点分级法结合专家参与进行危险性分级,最终得到研究区地质灾害危险性评价结果。试验结果表明：利用升降轨结合的方式对高山峡谷地质灾害进行识别,避免了单一轨道存在SAR成像几何畸变造成部分地质灾害不能识别或识别结果不全面等问题;利用SBAS-InSAR技术并结合高分辨率影像等辅助信息,可有效识别出活跃的泥石流、滑坡、崩塌和潜在地质灾害,解决了现有地质灾害点数据源时效性差、不准确等弊端;利用PSO-BP算法能跳过大量评价因子权值计算等弊端;为验证该研究方法的有效性,选择信息量法和组合赋权法进行定量和定性比较,结果表明,该研究方法有效的提高了地质灾害危险性评价的准确度,信息量法、组合赋权法和该研究方法的AUC（Area Under The Curve）值分别为0.694、0.721、0.785,准确率为73.3%、76.2%、79.8%。利用该方法能更为有效的对高山峡谷区地质灾害进行危险性评价,为防灾减灾事业及政府部门决策提供参考。     

滋味物质在不同交联度鱼糜凝胶中的释放动力学分析

为探讨滋味物质在不同交联度鱼糜凝胶中的释放规律并揭示其释放机制,该研究以氯化钠、蔗糖和谷氨酸钠分别为鱼糜凝胶咸味、甜味和鲜味的代表滋味物质,通过感官评价、释放动力学模型拟合和模拟咀嚼释放等方法,分析滋味物质在不同交联度鱼糜凝胶中的释放规律。结果表明,随着交联度的增加,人体对咸味的感知逐渐降低而对鲜味的感知逐渐增强,并当交联度大于42.2%时,咀嚼破碎显著提高了鱼糜凝胶咸味和鲜味的感知（P<0.01）。氯化钠和蔗糖的释放动力学曲线符合准一级动力学模型,而谷氨酸钠的释放则符合准二级动力学模型。随着交联度的增加,鱼糜凝胶在模拟咀嚼过程中氯化钠和蔗糖的释放量先降后升,分别在交联度为42.2%和51.5%时取得最小值（4.54和3.38 mg/g）;而谷氨酸钠的咀嚼释放量则逐渐增加。相关性分析结果表明,氯化钠和蔗糖在鱼糜凝胶中的释放主要与网络结构和化学作用力相关,谷氨酸钠的释放主要与凝胶质地、凝胶持水性和化学作用力相关。综上,滋味物质在鱼糜凝胶中的释放行为受滋味物质种类、凝胶质地以及凝胶与滋味物质的相互作用等多方面的影响,且凝胶在咀嚼过程中较高的破碎程度增强了滋味物质的释放与感知。     

PCB removal,soil enzyme activities,and microbial community structures during the phytoremediation by alfalfa in field soils

Purpose  

An in situ phytoremediation trial was developed in order to investigate the function of alfalfa during a 2-year bioremediation of an agricultural soil contaminated with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). The study was conducted with the aim to better understand the application potential of PCB phytoremediation at field scale.     

稀土元素钕对铜绿微囊藻生长和生理特性的影响

通过模拟培养试验,研究了不同Nd3＋初始浓度条件下铜绿微囊藻（Microcystis aeruginosa）的生长及生理变化。结果表明,相对BG11培养基（Nd3＋初始浓度为0 mg.L-1）,低初始Nd3＋浓度（0.01、0.05、0.1、0.5、1 mg.L-1）条件下,随着Nd3＋浓度的增加,藻细胞中叶绿素a含量、可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性均呈增加趋势,促进了铜绿微囊藻生长;在Nd3＋初始浓度为5 mg.L-1和10mg.L-1时,藻细胞丙二醛（MDA）含量急剧增加,CAT活性下降,藻细胞清除活性氧（ROS）能力下降,抗氧化防御体系被破坏,膜脂过氧化严重,严重抑制藻细胞生长,在初始Nd3＋浓度50 mg.L-1胁迫下,铜绿微囊藻无法生长。藻细胞超微结构表明,过量的Nd3＋破坏了藻细胞内的类囊体结构,胞内脂质体含量增加,细胞膜变粗糙甚至变形破碎,对藻细胞造成不可逆伤害。     

中国粮食生产发展特征及土地资源承载力空间格局现状

首先分析了1949－2008年中国粮食生产发展过程特点,随后以粮食为判据,基于人口与粮食关系,建立土地资源承载力模型和土地资源承载指数模型,从分县尺度对中国土地资源承载力空间格局现状进行了分析。结果表明： 1949－2008年中国粮食生产呈台阶式上升特征,且伴随周期性波动,具有明显的不稳定性;人口增幅小于粮食产量增幅,人均粮食占有量从建国初期的不足209 kg,增长至21世纪初期的400 kg,呈稳步提升态势;2007年我国分县土地资源承载力主要以人口超载、粮食短缺为主要特征。东北平原、华北平原、长江中下游、河西走廊、河套地区及四川盆地等主要粮食生产区表现为粮食盈余,而人口压力较大的东南沿海以及粮食生产水平较低的西北干旱半干旱地区则表现为人口超载。国家尺度上,中国粮食尚处于盈余状态,因此粮食短缺地区需通过贸易、调配来满足超载人口的粮食需求。东、中部城市密集地区人粮关系尤为紧张,随着城市化进程不断加快,这些地区人粮矛盾会进一步加剧,粮食贸易和调配趋势也会越来越明显。该研究可为国家粮食安全与区域可持续发展提供科学依据和决策支持。     

Atmospheric Mercury Fluxes in a Southern Boreal Forest and Wetland

Total gaseous mercury (TGM) fluxes from the forest floor and a boreal wetland were measured by a flux chamber technique coupled with an automatic mercury vapour analyser. The fluxes were measured at three sampling sites in southern Finland, 61°14′ N, 25°04′ E in summer 2007, with additionally in situ TGM concentrations in the air at one of the sites and mercury bulk deposition at another. Most of the flux data were collected during the daytime. At one of the sites, diurnal flux behaviour was studied, and a clear cycle with an afternoon maximum and a night minimum was observed. The highest emissions (up to 3.5 ng m⁻² h⁻¹) were observed at the forest floor site having a moss and grass cover. At the wetland and litter-rich forest floor sites, the emissions were below 1 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ and sometimes negative (down to −1.0 ng m⁻² h⁻¹), indicating mercury uptake. The measured average fluxes in August were 0.9 ± 1.1 and 0.2 ± 0.3 ng m⁻² h⁻¹ for the forest floor sites and wetland sites, respectively. The flux data were compared with the mercury bulk deposition, which proved to be of the same magnitude, but opposite in sign. At the mossy forest floor site, the extrapolated TGM emissions were 130% of the Hg deposition in August 2007. Comparison with other studies showed that the fluxes in background areas are relatively uniform, regardless of measurement site location and method used. Airborne TGM remained at the background level during the study, with an average value of 1.3 ± 0.2 ng m⁻³; it frequently showed a diurnal cycle pattern.     

Interactive effects of Cd and PAHs on contaminants removal from co-contaminated soil planted with hyperaccumulator plant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sedum alfredii</Emphasis>

Purpose  

Soil contamination by multiple organic and inorganic contaminants is common but its remediation by hyperaccumulator plants is rarely reported. The growth of a cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii and removal of contaminants from Cd and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) co-contaminated soil were reported in this study.     

Performance and Kinetic Study on Bioremediation of Diazo Dye (Reactive Black 5) in Wastewater Using Spent GAC–Biofilm Sequencing Batch Reactor

Combinations of sequential anaerobic and aerobic process enhance the treatment of textile wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment of diazo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5)-containing wastewater using granular activated carbon (GAC)–biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an integration of aerobic and anaerobic process in a single reactor. The GAC–biofilm SBR system demonstrated higher removal of COD, RB5 and aromatic amines. It was observed that the RB5 removal efficiency improved as the concentration of co-substrate in the influent increased. The alternative aeration introduced into the bioreactor enhanced mineralization of aromatic amines. Degradation of RB5 and co-substrate followed second-order kinetic and the constant (k ₂) values for COD and RB5 decreased from 0.002 to 0.001 and 0.004 to 0.001 l/mg h, respectively, as the RB5 concentration increased from 100 to 200 mg/l in the GAC–biofilm SBR system.     

HJ-1卫星延寿期的CCD影像质量评价与可用性分析

HJ-1卫星发射升空投入运行以来,已在灾害与环境的快速监测与预报领域发挥了重要作用。HJ-1卫星目前已经成功运行3a多,属于超期服役状态。为了评价延寿期影像质量,该文从影像的几何校正精度、灰度特征和纹理特征3个方面对延寿期HJ-1A-CCD影像进行分析,并与正常寿命运行期的HJ-1ACCD影像、同时期的Landsat7 ETM+影像进行比较,分析结果表明:延寿期HJ-1A-CCD影像质量虽然有一定程度的下降,但其与正常寿命期影像质量接近,仍能较好地描述丰富的地物类型及地物细节信息,可以像正常寿命期影像一样,有效地用于环境监测、灾害监测、国土资源管理、城市规划、农业应用等方面。     

水体太阳能供电增氧系统及其运行效果

为了快速改善水产养殖水体质量,该文分析了国内水体富营养化的现状和存在的问题,提出了以太阳能电池为动力,采用单片机设计了一套水体增氧系统,重点介绍了硬件组成、结构特点和软件实现方法,并应用在公园鱼池净化和鲤鱼养殖生产中。试验结果表明,该系统能够实时控制鱼池中的溶氧量、pH值,使多环境因子稳定在最佳值附近。为增强水体的自净能力,提高水产养殖水平提供了一种切实可行的技术措施。