魁蚶C型凝集素基因cDNA的克隆及表达分析

通过cDNA末端快速扩增(Rapid amplification of c DNA ends,RACE)技术克隆得到魁蚶(Scapharca broughtonii)C型凝集素(C-type lectin,Sb-Lec1)基因,该基因全长为700 bp,其中,5′-UTR为29 bp,3′-UTR为167 bp,开放阅读框长度为504 bp,编码167个氨基酸,包括长度为23个氨基酸的信号肽序列、129个氨基酸的糖识别结构域(CRD)以及参与二硫键形成的6个半胱氨酸。预测蛋白分子量为19.11 k Da,理论等电点为4.74。多序列比对结果显示,Sb-Lec1基因CRD编码的氨基酸序列与长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)、紫贻贝(Mytilus galloprovincialis)和海湾扇贝(Argopecten irradians)C型凝集素的同源性分别为38%~40%、34%~35%和38%~39%,Sb-Lec1基因编码的氨基酸序列与其他物种的凝集素基因具有相似的结构,均含有形成二硫键的4个保守半胱氨酸。系统进化分析结果显示,魁蚶先与贝类聚为一支,再与脊椎动物聚在一起,表明魁蚶Sb-Lec1基因在进化树上的位置与其传统分类所处位置一致。采用荧光定量PCR技术,检测了Sb-Lec1基因在组织中的表达情况,发现其在肝胰腺、血淋巴、鳃、外套膜、闭壳肌、斧足中均有表达,其中,肝胰腺表达量最高。同时,分析了Sb-Lec1基因在鳗弧菌(Vibrio anguillarum)刺激下的mRNA表达量变化情况。结果显示,与对照组相比,菌刺激组Sb-Lec1基因mRNA在各检测组织中的表达量均显著上调(P0.05),随着刺激时间的延长,表达量呈先升高后降低的趋势。本研究表明,魁蚶Sb-Lec1基因在机体免疫防御方面发挥重要功能。     

Ontogenetic development of digestive enzymes and effect of starvation in miiuy croaker <Emphasis Type="Italic">Miichthys miiuy</Emphasis> larvae

The ontogenetic development of the digestive enzymes amylase, lipase, trypsin, and alkaline phosphatase and the effect of starvation in miiuy croaker Miichthys miiuy larvae were studied. The activities of these enzymes were detected prior to exogenous feeding, but their developmental patterns differed remarkably. Trypsin activity continuously increased from 2 days after hatching (dah), peaked on 20 dah, and decreased to 25 dah at weaning. Alkaline phosphatase activity oscillated at low levels within a small range after the first feeding on 3 dah. In contrast, amylase and lipase activities followed the general developmental pattern that has been characterized in fish larvae, with a succession of increases or decreases. Amylase, lipase, and trypsin activities generally started to increase or decrease at transitions from endogenous to exogenous feeding or diet changes, suggesting that these enzymatic activities can be modulated by feeding modes. The activities of all the enzymes remained stable from 25 dah onwards, coinciding with the formation of gastric glands and pyloric caecum. These results imply that specific activities of these enzymes underwent changes due to morphological and physiological modifications or diet shift during larval development but that they became stable after the development of the digestive organs and associated glands was fully completed and the organs/glands functioned. Trypsin and alkaline phosphatase were more sensitive to starvation than amylase and lipase because delayed feeding up to 2 days after mouth opening was able to adversely affect their activities. Enzyme activities did not significantly differ among feeding groups during endogenous feeding; however, all activities were remarkably reduced when delayed feeding was within 3 days after mouth opening. Initiation of larvae feeding should occur within 2 days after mouth opening so that good growth and survival can be obtained in the culture.     

温度对中华原钩虾(Eogammarus possjeticus)摄食率和消化酶活力的影响

采用生理生态学和酶学分析方法,测定了不同温度下中华原钩虾的摄食率和消化酶活力。结果显示,温度对中华原钩虾幼体消化酶活力的影响差异极显著(P<0.01)。在15?25℃范围内,胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶及淀粉酶的活力随培养温度的升高而增加;在20?25℃范围内,胃蛋白酶、类胰蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力均处于较高水平,说明中华原钩虾幼体在此温度范围内具有较好的消化吸收能力。作为甲壳动物食性指标的淀粉酶/类胰蛋白酶活力(A/T)比值在1.2?1.5之间,说明此阶段中华原钩虾幼体偏植物食性。中华原钩虾日摄食率受温度影响显著(P<0.05),在水温20?25℃之间,中华原钩虾幼体具有最大摄食率,其回归方程为：y = ?0.754 x2+33.297 x?277.57 (R2=0.958),最大日摄食率为89.84%。成体在20℃左右达到日摄食率的最大值,其回归方程为：y = ?0.247 x2+10.463 x– 78.287 (R2=0.998),最大日摄食率为32.47%;中华原钩虾幼体和成体饵料吸收率均随温度升高呈先上升后下降的趋势,各温度处理组幼体的饵料吸收率均高于成体。根据饵料吸收率回归方程,可得到最大饵料吸收率,幼体为59.86%,成体为56.86%,对应的温度分别为幼体21.30℃、成体21.24℃。因此,20?25℃是培育中华原钩虾的适宜水温范围。     

摄食鱿鱼对小鼠脂质代谢影响的研究

用含10%鱿鱼、猪肉或鸡卵蛋白配制的标准饲料或高胆固醇饲料来喂食小鼠,称量小鼠体重、肝脏、肾脏重量以及精巢脂肪重量,评价不同蛋白质对小鼠成长的影响.测定小鼠的血清总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)、高密度脂蛋白和肝脏TC、TG及磷脂(PL)含量,比较鱿鱼和其他蛋白质对小鼠脂肪代谢的影响.结果显示,鱿鱼作为一种优质蛋白质能明显降低正常小鼠和高胆固醇血症模型小鼠的血清总脂水平(P<0.05)以及动脉粥样硬化指数(AI) (P<0.05),虽然对正常小鼠的肝脂水平有一定的升高作用,但对高胆固醇血症小鼠的肝脏脂肪浓度未见显著影响.因此,鱿鱼虽然是高胆固醇食品,但具有较高的营养价值,且可能对由高胆固醇血症引发的动脉粥样硬化不具有危害.     

东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随发育的变化

根据2006年7月～2008年12月采集于东海北部近海的棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)样品,共测定体长在23～157 mm范围内的棘头梅童鱼474 ind,应用卡方检验和聚类分析等方法,对棘头梅童鱼食物组成的季节变化及随个体发育的变化进行了分析。结果显示:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼的食物种类夏季出现较多,春季出现较少;91～110 mm体长组出现较多,≤50 mm体长组和>130 mm体长组出现较少。食物多样性指数春季较高,秋季较低;≤50 mm体长组较低,>130 mm体长组较高,食物多样性指数随体长的增加而升高。卡方检验显示,棘头梅童鱼主要食物种类宽尾刺糠虾(Acanthomysis latiscauda)、中国毛虾(Aceteschinensis)、七星底灯鱼(Myctophum pterotum)和中华哲水蚤(Calanus sinicus)的出现频率有极显著的季节变化,中华假磷虾(Pseudeuphausia sinica)的出现频率有显著的季节变化;宽尾刺糠虾和七星底灯鱼的出现频率随体长的变化极显著,而中国毛虾、中华假磷虾和中华哲水蚤的出现频率随体长的变化不显著。聚类分析结果表明,棘头梅童鱼春冬季、夏季和秋季三个时期的食物组成差异显著;体长聚类分两组,即体长>70 mm和≤70mm之间食物组成有明显差异。通过分析发现:东海北部近海棘头梅童鱼食物的季节变化与该海域饵料生物的季节变化密切相关;食物组成随发育的变化符合"最佳摄食理论",其饵料生物种类和大小随棘头梅童鱼体长的增加发生了显著的变化。     

Effects of dietary selenium on growth performance and oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp Ctenopharyngodon idellus

An 8‐week feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary selenium (Se) on feed intake, weight gain and antioxidant activity in juvenile grass carp (11.2 ± 0.03 g). Six Se levels (0.13, 0.41, 0.56, 1.12, 2.18 and 4.31 mg/kg) of semi‐purified diets were assayed in triplicate. The maximum weight gain, specific growth rate and feed intake were obtained in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. Hepatic glutathione peroxidase activity was markedly increased when dietary Se ≤1.12 mg/kg diet and reached a plateau when dietary Se ≥1.12 mg/kg diet. Hepatic superoxide dismutase and serum catalase activities in juvenile grass carp fed with 0.56, 1.12 and 2.18 mg Se/kg diets were all significantly higher than those in the other groups. The malondialdehyde content in liver and serum was firstly decreased and then increased with increasing dietary Se content, and the lowest content was observed in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. With the increase in Se level, the activities of serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were reduced. In addition, serum alkaline phosphatase activity and albumin content were highest in fish fed with 1.12 mg Se/kg diet. This study indicated that both the Se deficiency and excess of Se caused negative effect on the oxidative stress in juvenile grass carp and suggested that the health‐giving concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 1.12 mg/kg diet. Moreover, based on the broken‐line regression analysis of weight gain, the optimal concentration of dietary inorganic Se was 0.83 mg/kg for juvenile grass carp.     

东海和黄海南部七星底灯鱼摄食习性的研究

根据2008年5月至2009年2月东海和黄海南部4个航次大面调查所获得的七星底灯鱼(Benthosema pterotum)胃含物样本,对其食物组成、摄食强度、食物多样性程度及营养级进行了研究.结果表明,东海和黄海南部七星底灯鱼属浮游动物食性,桡足类是其最主要的食物类群,其％ IRI值、质量百分比和个数百分比分别为75...     

检出虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei)的凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)群体的体长和体重关系

对采自天津、浙江和山东等养殖场5个凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei)群体的442尾个体进行虾肝肠胞虫(Enterocytozoon hepatopenaei,EHP)的TaqMan探针荧光定量PCR检测,并测量各群体每尾对虾的生物学体长和体重.引入医学上的劳累尔(Rohrer)体重指数(Ponderal index,PI,W/L3)关系建立对虾体重(W)和体长(L)关系函数.结果显示,4个凡纳滨对虾的EHP阳性群体[平均体长为(5.37±1.19) cm]的体重指数PI平均值为(5.19±0.26)×10-3 g/cm3,EHP阴性群体的凡纳滨对虾群体[平均体长为(2.49±0.21)cm]为(7.96±0.51)×10-3 g/cm3,根据PI=a·L(b-3)的函数矫正EHP阴性和阳性群体的体长差异引起的PI差值后,同等体长EHP阳性群体的PI值为阴性群体的(70.5±8.7)％,表明同样大小的个体,EHP阳性群体的平均体重比阴性群体平均体重低30％;EHP阳性群体中凡纳滨对虾体长和体重的变异系数是EHP阴性群体的(2.39±0.93)和(2.05±0.86)倍,表现为对虾EHP阳性群体个体大小不均匀;EHP阳性群体体重偏差率是EHP阴性群体的2.34-3.45倍,体长相同时,EHP阳性的体重波动变大.     

HJ-1A卫星CCD1数据的大气校正及在滇池蓝藻监测中的应用

HJ-1A卫星CCD1数据具有免费、高空间分辨率等优点,但是由于受大气的影响,电磁波在传输过程中发生失真。为了提高CCD1数据的提取精度,就必须对其进行大气校正。本文利用6S模型对2013年9月30日的HJ-1A卫星CCD1数据进行了大气校正,并从归一化植被指数(NDVI)的变化、与中分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)地表反射率数据对比2个方面对校正结果进行精度验证。结果表明:NDVI的标准差校正前为0.179866,校正后为0.247689,大气校正能够有效地降低大气对遥感图像造成的影响,图像的层次更加丰富;在滇池的建筑物、水体、植被3种地物中分别选取1个像元,获得CCD1数据和MODIS数据分别在这3个像元上的反射率值。3种地物的地表反射率在2种数据中都具有较好的一致性,在4个波段的误差均在15%左右。对于水体,波段3和波段4的误差较小(10%),建议在进行滇池水质参数反演时尽量选用3、4波段。利用经过大气校正后的CCD1数据计算NDVI并结合密度分割的方法对滇池蓝藻信息进行了提取,提取的结果与滇池蓝藻实测数据具有较好的相关性,相关系数达到0.7703,说明利用HJ-1A卫星CCD1数据可以快速、动态地监测滇池蓝藻暴发。