毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂毒性与安全评价研究

通过接触法和摄入法测定了毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的毒性。结果表明，毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的接触毒性(24h LD50)分别为0．1634μg／蜂和0．0501μg／蜂，胃毒毒性(24h LE50)分别为0．6406mg／L和7．8261mg／L。根据Atkins毒性等级划分标准，毒死蜱和甲氰菊酯对蜜蜂的毒性均为高毒，应禁止在蜜蜂活动区域使用。     

甘蓝型冬油菜在西北寒旱区适应性分析

为了研究甘蓝型冬油菜在西北寒旱区的适应性,以29份甘蓝型冬油菜品系为材料,分析在天水、兰州两个试点越冬率、生育期、产量、含油量及农艺性状的差异。结果表明,参试品系在天水试点越冬率均高于兰州试点,在天水试点,21份参试品系越冬率80.00%以上,而兰州试点在覆盖条件下越冬率平均为14.49%,最高为平甘1号(48.50%)。联合方差表明,试点气候差异是引起越冬率差异的最主要原因。与天水试点相比,参试品系北移至兰州试点后越冬期延长,冬后生育期缩短,全生育期延长;在天水试点参试品系株高、分枝部位、主花序长度、千粒重、折合每667 m~2产量、含油量平均值分别为133.52 cm、32.79 cm、51.37 cm、3.15 g、184.20 kg、40.16%,较兰州分别高22.11 cm、31.58 cm、2.47 cm、0.66 g、160.54 kg、22.54%;变异分析表明,在天水试点参试品系越冬率、主要农艺性状、产量、含油量变异系数相对兰州试点较小,相对稳定。结论:天水试点气候条件更适合甘蓝型冬油菜的生长,参试品系越冬率高、农艺性状良好、产量高、含油量高,适应性强。     

大豆疫霉根腐病菌毒素产生条件的研究

 大豆疫霉根腐病(Phytophthora sojae)是大豆的重要病害之一,危害大,发展快。自1918年首次在美国印弟安那州发现此病以来、相继在澳大利亚、加拿大,匈牙利等国发生。     

精异丙甲草胺对小麦药害及其安全剂解毒作用初步研究

为了探索精异丙甲草胺在小麦田的应用技术,室内研究了精异丙甲草胺对小麦的安全性,对安全剂进行筛选,并对安全剂作用机制进行初步研究。结果表明,精异丙甲草胺对小麦的生长抑制作用随着土壤含水量增大及温度的下降而上升。对4种安全剂进行筛选,结果表明,解草酮0.5、5g/kg种子处理能够显著降低精异丙甲草胺对小麦的药害,解草啶、二氯丙烯胺、苯叉酰胺在低剂量下能够一定程度缓解精异丙甲草胺药害,但高剂量无缓解作用。进一步研究表明,解草酮0.5~4g/kg种子处理能够有效降低精异丙甲草胺150~600g/hm2(有效成分含量)造成的小麦药害,缓解率均在20%以上,其中1g/kg解草酮种子处理缓解效果最好,提高小麦对精异丙甲草胺的耐药性可达4倍以上。生理指标测定结果表明,解草酮1g/kg种子处理可显著提高小麦出苗期(播后4~6d)GSTs比活力,而GSH含量与对照相当或降低。表明解草酮可能通过提高小麦GSTs活力来增强GSH对精异丙甲草胺的轭合代谢作用,而非通过增加GSH含量来提升精异丙甲草胺降解。     

棉花叶片茸毛性状与绿盲蝽抗性的关系

为明确棉花叶片茸毛性状与其对绿盲蝽抗性的关系,于2008-2009年连续两年系统研究了不同供试棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平,并在室内测定了棉花中脉和叶片上茸毛的类型、密度和长度.结果表明,不同棉花品种(系)对绿盲蝽的抗性水平存在差异;且不同棉花品种(系)叶片各类型茸毛密度和茸毛长度分别表现显著差异(P<0.05);叶片茸毛密度与棉花对绿盲蝽的抗性呈显著负相关(y=3.5482-0.0007x1-0.0089x2,R2=0.5741,P=0.0007),叶片茸毛类型和茸毛长度与棉花对绿盲蝽的抗性没有显著相关性.选育叶片无毛或少毛的棉花品种(系)可用于棉花绿盲蝽的治理.     

小菜蛾γ- 氨基丁酸受体基因片段的克隆、表达及特征分析

 利用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR) 对小菜蛾( Plutella xylostella ) 的γ - 氨基丁酸a(GABAa) 受体基因cDNA片段进行了克隆和序列分析。通过简并性上游引物和下游引物扩增出小菜蛾GABAa受体基因248 bp的cDNA片段。该cDNA基因片段的氨基酸与已报道的烟芽夜蛾(Heliothis viresce)的GABAa受体基因氨基酸序列同源性为100%。以GABAa受体基因片段为基础, 构建了优化的半定量RT-PCR法, 以18S rRNA为内标, 研究小菜蛾不同组织以及不同发育阶段GABAa受体基因表达的差异。结果表明, GABAa受体基因在头部表达量最高, 胸部次之, 腹部最低; 在不同发育阶段的表达量差异不大。     

线椒新品种湘辣18号的选育

湘辣18号是以R1030A为母本,R06-118-1-1为父本配制而成的杂交一代早熟线椒品种,第一开花节位8节;植株直立性好,果实线形,浅绿色;顺直光亮,平均果长27 cm,平均果宽1.6 cm,肉厚0.1 cm,平均单果质量16 g;耐低温弱光能力强,抗疫病与细菌性斑点病能力好,适合早春大棚栽培或早中熟露地丰产栽培。     

Preparation and Characterization of Tilapia Collagen-Thermoplastic Polyurethane Composite Nanofiber Membranes

Marine collagen is an ideal material for tissue engineering due to its excellent biological properties. However, the limited mechanical properties and poor stability of marine collagen limit its application in tissue engineering. Here, collagen was extracted from the skin of tilapia (Oreochromis nilotica). Collagen-thermoplastic polyurethane (Col-TPU) fibrous membranes were prepared using tilapia collagen as a foundational material, and their physicochemical and biocompatibility were investigated. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results showed that thermoplastic polyurethane was successfully combined with collagen, and the triple helix structure of collagen was retained. X-ray diffraction and differential scanning calorimetry results showed relatively good compatibility between collagen and TPU.SEM results showed that the average diameter of the composite nanofiber membrane decreased with increasing thermoplastic polyurethane proportion. The mechanical evaluation and thermogravimetric analysis showed that the thermal stability and tensile properties of Col-TPU fibrous membranes were significantly improved with increasing TPU. Cytotoxicity experiments confirmed that fibrous membranes with different ratios of thermoplastic polyurethane content showed no significant toxicity to fibroblasts; Col-TPU fibrous membranes were conducive to the migration and adhesion of cells. Thus, these Col-TPU composite nanofiber membranes might be used as a potential biomaterial in tissue regeneration.     

加快现代植保技术体系建设的对策研究

植保技术体系呈现出病虫害预测预报能力明显提高,防控技术体系日臻完善,农药与药械应用技术稳步发展,植物检疫监管技术基础更加牢固的现状;承载着为领导部门和农民提供病虫灾害防控信息、病虫害科学防控技术指导、农药与药械科学使用监管、依法开展植物疫情管控的重大任务。发展现代植保技术体系,要突出病虫害测报公益性,着力病虫害防控的防灾性,确保农药与药械应用的安全性,关切植物疫情蔓延的毁灭性。建设现代植保技术体系的对策措施是：强化病虫害测报体系与信息网络建设,提升测报技术水平;加强病虫害防控技术支撑与推广能力建设,创新推广模式,大力推进绿色防控;推进农药与药械产品应用技术研发推广和专业化统防统治;加大植物检疫技术研发和执法监管力度。     

Effects of structural and depositional crusts on soil erosion on the Loess Plateau of China

Conventional tillage practices used on the Loess Plateau lead to different soil surface micro-topography which results in forming two types of soil crusts. The objective of this study was to explore the formation position, properties and erosion characteristics of structural crusts and depositional crusts under the influences of the microtopography in the rainfall experiments. Two simulated rainstorms were applied in the experiments. The first rainfall event was used for soil crust formation, then the following simulated rainfall storms at 40 mm h^?1, 60 mm h^?1, and 80 mm h^?1 rates were applied to the soil boxes set to a 17.6% (10°) slope under three tillage types (contour tillage, artificial digging, and straight slope conditions) to investigate the resulting runoff discharge rate and sediment yield on crusted soil surface. Results show that: (1) structural crusts formed on the mounds, and depositional crusts formed in the depressions after the first rainfall events; structural crusts exhibit a lower thickness, bulk density, higher porosity and shear strength than depositional crusts; (2) structural crusts increased the runoff yield less and decreased the sediment yield more than depositional crusts; and (3) the runoff yield was significantly greater, and the sediment yield was lower on the crusted soil surface than that on the uncrusted soil surface, regardless of the effect of the tillage treatments.