枯倒木更新：一种应用于中欧的新的森林更新方法

林内枯倒木和根桩经过长时间在动植物机体和物理化学过程作用下便开始分解。高海拔区的云杉林的种子在这样的枯倒木上容易发芽成苗。在中欧山地森林培育中人们把这种方法称为倒木更新。这种自然更新方法受到中欧林业同行的注意,并被应用于欧洲云杉林的更新。欧洲云杉被广泛栽培于中欧山地和丘陵地区,林分结构单一,林下草灌密集,森林更新困难。间伐疏开林冠后,丰富的草本及高灌木迅速发展而不利于更新。人工整地或通过牧畜践踏后虽能促进种子触土发芽及幼苗生长,但这样幼苗易受干旱危害或霜冻,或者因与草灌竞争不利,仅几年时间幼树消…     

牛舍空气微生物及向环境传播的研究

采用４ 台 Ａ Ｎ Ｄ Ｅ Ｒ Ｓ Ｅ Ｎ微生物空气样品收集器对一个犊牛舍内及环境空气细菌含量进行了测量, 需氧菌总数分别为８５３６ ～４６６９１ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｍ ３ 和２６４９ ～２４７７５ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｍ ３ , 厌氧菌浓度计３０１７ ～２４７７５ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｍ ３ 和６６１ ～４１２２ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ ｍ３ 。根据 Ｈ Ｅ Ｓ Ｋ Ｅ Ｔ Ｈ （１９７４） 计算公式和 Ｋ Ｌ Ｕ Ｇ （１９６９） 气溶胶颗粒扩散模式, 得出犊牛舍菌源强度, 即向环境排放需氧菌为１１００００ ～１４００００ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｓ , 厌氧菌在２７０００ ～１７５０００ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｓ 之间。细菌浓度实际测量值与估算一致, 该公式和扩散模式适合于动物舍菌源强度和舍外环境不同距离空气微生物浓度的估算。距离犊牛舍１００ ｍ 下风处, 需氧菌高达６５０ ～８３９ Ｃ Ｆ Ｕ／ｍ ３ , 厌氧菌１６０ ～１０３４ 细菌／ｍ ３ , 各项均超过正常值１０ ～１５ 倍。     

Phosphorus‐enriched soils of urban and suburban Nanjing and their effect on groundwater phosphorus

Neither the phosphorus (P)‐rich soils in urban areas nor their environmental implications have been adequately studied. This study investigated soils of typical urban function zones in Nanjing/China, like park, residential areas, school yards, campus as well as suburb vegetable land and garbage filling sites, and meantime ground water in situ. Typical soils were also experimentally leached for P leaching evaluation. All studied soils were enriched with P with enrichment ratios varying from 2 to 10 for total P and 5 to 22 for NaHCO₃‐extractable P, as compared with the original parent soils. The C : P ratios also indicated strong enrichment of P in urban soils. In urban areas the maximum P layer appeared as buried under different depth while in suburban soils as epipedon. The various morphology of P distribution suggested different soil formation patterns, which were related to the land use history. Groundwater P was significantly correlated with the maximum extractable P content of P in soil profiles and even better with the weighted average P content of the whole profile or P content of the soil layer at or close to groundwater table. Dissolved P in experimental leachate was comparable with that of groundwater but higher than environmentally acceptable level. Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between solution P and different extractable P forms of the studied soils. Simple P tests can provide an evaluation of the potential risk of urban soils in discharging P to water system.     

Transformation of organic rhizodepositions by rhizosphere bacteria and its influence on the availability of tertiary calcium phosphate

This study assesses the influence of saccharides in the rhizodeposition on the phosphate solubilizing ability of rhizosphere bacteria. Water‐soluble rhizodeposits were analyzed of ¹⁴C‐labeled pea plants (Pisum sativum, cv. ‘Grapis’) which were grown at two different levels of P‐nutrition. The sugars produced were fed in vitro either as single compounds or as synthetic mixtures to three bacterial strains and the ability of the bacteria to mobilize Ca₃(PO₄)₂ was measured. The relative glucose proportion of pea exudates decreased under P deficiency while the content of galactose, ribose, xylose and fucose increased. In vitro feeding of single sugars and sugar mixtures showed that the ability of Pseudomonas fluorescens (PsIA12) to dissolve tertiary calcium phosphate was lower with pentoses and the mixed sugars of the P‐deficient plants than with glucose. On the other hand, the shifted sugar pattern observed under P deficiency increased the phosphate mobilization ability of Pantoea agglomerans (D5/23) and Azospirillum sp. (CC 322) considerably. This observation can only partly be explained by the acidification of the nutrient medium. Bacteria also produced different carboxylic anions depending on sugar supply. In addition to low‐molecular mono‐, di‐, and tricarboxylic acids which are known as P‐solubilizing substances, sugar acids also played an important role in cultures D 5/23 and CC 322.     

Phosphorus dynamics in a long‐term P fertilization trial on Luvic Phaeozem at Halle

The soil of the long‐term experiment laid out 1949 in Halle has the potential to supply much P. The P taken up by plants where no P (P0) or 15 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹ (P1) was applied was much greater than the P applied as fertilizer (P1). A decrease in yield was measured only after the first 25 years on P0 soils but the P1 treatment has, so far, shown no decrease. Lactate extractions of the soil did not reflect P‐uptake suitably. The release of P from insoluble into water soluble forms was at a minimum after 30 years in P0 soils. P1 soils have now also declined to this minimum value and it remains to be seen whether yields decrease in this treatment in the future. Parallel to this trend, the P sorption increased in P0 soils. The subsoil also seems to be an important source for P supply, possibly influenced by root exudates. Further work is needed to gain a better understanding of soil P dynamics in connection with root exudates and microbes and to identify parameters which will provide more reliable means of calculating fertilizer P requirements.     

Effects and residual effects of straw,farmyard manuring,and mineral fertilization at Field F of the long‐term trial in Halle (Saale), Germany

The effects and residual effects of farmyard manure (FYM), straw fertilization and mineral N fertilization were investigated in Field F of the long‐term fertilization trial in Halle (Saale), Germany. With sufficient mineral N fertilization, FYM and straw did not directly affect yield. The application of FYM alone increased the yield of potato less than those of silage maize and sugar beet. With low mineral N fertilization, however, residual effects of FYM, applied to root crops, were observed in the following cereal crops. Application of more mineral N to root crops had the same residual effects. In case of omitted mineral N fertilization, the humus content of the soil decreased rapidly. This implies that almost no stable humic material had been accumulated by application of FYM and straw. The calculated N loss increased with enhanced organic fertilization. In case of mineral N fertilization the content of organic C (C_org) was slightly higher (1.4 to 1.5%) than without any N fertilization (1.3%). FYM and straw (with same amounts of dry matter) likewise enhanced the C_org‐content and, consequently, the content of decomposable C (C_dec). In general, organic fertilizers should not be applied in too large amounts to avoid N losses.     

The influence of fertilization and rotation on soil organic matter and plant yields in the long‐term Eternal Rye trial in Halle (Saale), Germany

Six forms of fertilizers and three rotations have been examined for 120 years in the ”︁Eternal Rye trial” in Halle (central German arid region, Haplic Phaeozem on sandy loess). Rank analysis, trend analysis and a new component model have been found to be suitable statistical methods to evaluate long‐term results without true replications. In this trial it was shown that mineral fertilization maintains like farmyard manuring the yield potential although at lower content of soil organic matter (SOM). Without fertilization, yield decline was greater with potato and silage maize than winter rye (Secale cereale L.). Deficiencies in N fertilization lead immediately, and in PK supply after more than 20 years, to a significant yield decrease which could be quickly compensated by full fertilization. Rye and maize monocultures also resulted in yield decreases. The establishing of new steady states in the turnover of SOM took about 50 years after changes in fertilization. Contrary to rye monoculture, both silage maize monoculture and potato alternating with winter rye caused considerable decomposition of SOM. According to analytical pyrolysis (Py‐FIMS and Py‐GC/MS), fertilization affects the SOM composition more than rotation. Without fertilization, a higher percentage of thermically stable SOM remained in comparison to the FYM soils. The introduction of potato into the rotation enhanced the content of easily decomposable SOM.     

The long‐term fertilization experiments in Halle (Saale), Germany — Introduction and survey

Six of originally eight long‐term trials in Halle (Saale), Germany, are still continuing. Five are situated at Julius‐Kühn‐Feld, an experimental station launched by Julius Kühn in Halle in 1866. Apart from the Eternal Rye trial established in 1878, those are phosphorus, potassium, lime, and organic fertilization long‐term trials, all being launched by Karl Schmalfuß in 1949. Other long‐term trials have been terminated, but data are available on the effects of nitrogen fertilization and the physiological reaction of fertilizers. Another long‐term trial in Halle (Adam‐Kuckhoff‐Straße 17b) investigates the influence of fertilization on soil formation from loess. Up to now, the major results are as follows: 1. Changes in soil‐ecological properties due to fertilization and rotation were only evident after 30 years, and new steady states sometimes took 70 years to occur. 2. In the long term, the C‐ and N‐contents of the soil largely depend on the amount of hardly decomposable organic matter applied with organic fertilization. High mineral‐N doses, with consequent high crop and root residues, increased the humus content of the soil. 3. Mineral fertilization can replace organic fertilization in terms of sustainable yield capacity provided equal nutrient amounts were applied. 4. The high P‐supply ability of the soil in Halle could not be explained by traditional soil analysis methods of calculating plant‐available P. With some restrictions, the same is valid for K. 5. At the experimental site, soluble salts (nitrate, sulphate) accumulated in the subsoil. 6. A regular lime demand of central German chernozems could be proved, especially in case of low soil organic matter (SOM) and physiologically acid fertilization.     

Fluoro‐mobilization of metals in a Slovak forest soil affected by the emissions of an aluminum smelter

Depositions originating from a central Slovak Al smelter may increase metal solubility in adjacent soils because they contain F (mainly HF). The reason for fluoro‐mobilization of metals may be the formation of soluble fluoro‐metal complexes or the mobilization of organic matter and subsequent formation of organo‐metal complexes. The objectives of our work were (1) to assess the extent of metal mobilization by fluoride in a Slovak Lithic Eutrochrept affected by the emissions of an Al smelter and (2) to model the dissolved metal species with the help of a chemical equilibrium model (MINEQL+). The O (Moder), A, and B horizons were equilibrated with solutions at F concentrations of 0, 0.9, 2.7, and 9.0 mmol l^—1. In the extracts, the concentrations of Al, Ca, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), free and complexed F, and the pH and electrical conductivity (EC) were determined. The heavy metal concentrations in the O horizon (Cd: 0.99, Cr: 18.0, Cu: 44, Ni: 26, Pb: 110, and Zn: 84 mg kg^—1) were 2.5 to 9 times larger than those in the A and B horizons. The concentrations of H₂O‐soluble F decreased from the O (261 mg kg^—1) to the A (103 mg kg^—1) and B horizon (92 mg kg^—1). In batch experiments increasing addition of F increased the equilibrium concentrations of Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, and DOC in all samples, of Cd in the A, and of K in the B horizon. At the same time the concentrations of complexed F and pH increased whereas EC decreased. Chemical equilibrium modelling indicated that the mobilizing effect of F resulted from the formation of fluoro‐Al complexes and organo‐complexes of all other metals.