联合收割机稻麦收获边界激光在线识别系统设计与试验

针对联合收割机收获边界在线识别问题,利用激光无损探测技术,开发了联合收割机收获边界在线识别系统。首先介绍了系统组成、激光传感器选型及工作原理,将传感器输出数据极坐标转换为直角坐标,建立稻麦轮廓特征数学模型。由于收获过程会产生大量的灰尘,会对激光探测距离及信号反射产生影响。通过与作物特征阈值比较,对受灰尘影响的错误数据进行有效识别与剔除。采用移动平均数字滤波算法,消除系统测量噪声。通过信号阶跃变化模式识别算法,实现了收获边界的在线检测,准确推算出联合收割机作业割幅,并进行了田间试验研究。试验结果表明,该系统可实现在线监测,收获边界测量误差不大于12 cm,可为联合收割机智能监控系统的实际应用提供参考。     

陈年普洱茶香气成分及清除DPPH自由基活性研究

为研究陈年普洱茶的特征风味成分及生物活性,采用顶空-固相微萃取-气质联用法测定了3种陈年普洱茶中挥发性物质,结合质谱和保留指数共鉴定出57种化合物,其中甲氧基酚类、醇类及酮类化合物为主要香气成分。同时采用比色法测得3种普洱茶的沸水提取物的茶多酚含量分别为(41.91±1.98)、(43.84±2.56)及(41.28±2.57) mg GAE/(g·DW),并对3种普洱茶的1,1-二苯基苦基苯肼(DPPH·)自由基清除效果进行研究。结果表明3种普洱茶均具有较好的清除DPPH自由基能力,且呈剂量依赖性,测得3种普洱茶提取物清除DPPH·自由基的IC₅₀分别为(129.03±0.25)、(139.47±1.58)及 (152.57±3.34) mg GAE/L。     

我国旱作地区坐水播种机械的研究

坐水播种机械是我国典型的行走式节水灌溉机具,适用于我国北方干旱、半干旱地区抗旱播种,抗旱增产效果明显。为此,介绍了机械化坐水播种技术的原理、产生及发展,分析了我国坐水播种机械的研究与应用现状,探讨了我国穴灌坐水播种的主要机型及技术特点。同时,针对目前穴灌坐水播种机存在的问题,提出了我国坐水播种机械的发展研究方向。     

悬挂式玉米联合收获机挂接件标准化问题研究

通过对悬挂式玉米联合收获机具的生产、使用现状进行了理论分析和实验研究,探索对悬挂式玉米收获机挂接架进行标准化的可行性以及方法,并总结标准化过程中发现的问题和获得的经验,为我国农业机械标准化提供参考。     

A bayesian model for the analysis of lactation curves of dairy goats

This article aims to determine the effect of certain covariates, such as season of kidding, parity, and time of kidding on the characteristics of the lactation curve of Saanen dairy goats. Characteristics investigated are peak milk yield, time of peak milk yield, total milk production, persistency, and the relationship between fat and protein in milk composition, as well as between lactation curves of the same animal in successive years. The analysis is carried out using a hierarchical Bayesian approach, together with Wood’s model, to model lactation. Posterior distributions of quantities of interest are obtained by means of the Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. These clearly illustrate the significant effect of especially parity, but also season and time of kidding on the characteristics of the lactation curve. Total and peak milk yield increase with increasing parity up to about the third or fourth parity, while peak yield is later for first than for later parities. The analysis also enables estimation of lactation characteristics of untested animals, prediction of future characteristics and identification of exceptional animals.     

Effect of bensulfuron-methyl (a sulfonylurea herbicide) on the soil bacterial community of a paddy soil microcosm

The effect of bensulfuron-methyl (BSM) on a soil microbial community in a model paddy microcosm was studied. Total bacterial numbers in the overlying water and surface soil were monitored for 2 months after the application of BSM at the field rate and a ten-fold field rate. Pentachlorophenol (PCP) was used for comparison. Neither chemical affected the total bacterial numbers remarkably, either in the overlying water or in the surface soil. In contrast, the nitrification potential was significantly suppressed by the BSM application. The bacterial community structure, as evaluated by the denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR amplification products from bacterial 16S rDNA, was unaffected by the BSM treatments over 8 weeks in the surface soil, compared with the control (no pesticide). In contrast, the surface soil exposed to PCP at a ten-fold field rate showed different patterns from the controls at 4 weeks and 8 weeks after application. The DGGE patterns of the overlying water were much more variable than those of the surface soil in any treatments. Cluster analysis showed that the BSM plots were classified within the same group as the control at 1 week after application and that the BSM and PCP plots from 2 weeks onward after application were grouped differently from the control. Of 22 clones excised from the DGGE gels, 20 clones belonged to the Proteobacteria and two belonged to the Verrucomicrobia. It was considered that the impact of BSM on the overall microbial community (total numbers, community structure of soil) was negligible, although BSM had an impact on some specific functions of the soil microbial community (nitrification) and a part of the community (overlying water).     

Recovery of cover-crop-N in the soil-plant system in the Guinea savannah zone of Ghana

In order to understand the efficiency of residue-N use and to estimate the minimum input required to obtain a reasonable level of crop response, it is important to quantify the fate of the applied organic-N. The recovery of N from ¹⁵N-labelled Crotalaria juncea was followed in the soil and the succeeding maize crop. Apparent N recovery (ANR) by maize from unlabelled Crotalaria juncea, Crotalaria retusa, Calopogonium mucunoides, Mucuna pruriens and mineral fertilizer at three locations were also evaluated. The maize crop recovered 4.7% and 7.3% of the ¹⁵N-labelled C. juncea-N at 42 days after sowing (DAS) and at final harvest, respectively. The corresponding ¹⁵N recovery from the soil was 92.4% and 58.5%. The highest mean ANR of 57.4% was with mineral fertilizer, whereas the mean ANR of 14.3% from C. retusa was the lowest. A large pool substitution and added-N interaction effect was observed when comparing N recovery from the labelled and unlabelled C. juncea. The amount of residue-N accounted for by the isotope dilution method at 42 DAS was 97.1% and at final harvest 65.8%. The large residue-N recovery in the soil organic-N pool explains the residual effect usually observed with organic residue application.     

Nitrogen and carbon mineralisation of leather meal in soil as affected by particle size of fertiliser and microbiological activity of soil

Carbon and nitrogen mineralisation of leather meal fertilisers were studied in two soils characterised by different respiration activity. Both C and N mineralisation were highest in the most active soil, and when leather meal was added as a powder rather than as 2- to 4- and 4- to 6-mm particles. Fast and slow soluble N pools were determined after extraction with cold water and with hot buffer, respectively. The N remaining after the second extraction with hot buffer was named slow-release N. The percentage of slow-release N rose as the size of the applied leather meal particles increased, whereas fast soluble N was highest in the coarsest (4-6 mm) fertiliser.     

RRR-RRR Ⅱ级杆组的等效系统动力学建模

将等效的思想与有限元的方法结合起来，用等效元素法建立了RRR Ⅱ级杆组的动力学等效模型，给出了其动力学微分方程，将建模的关键归结为二阶张量Tia和三阶张量Tibc的建立以及等效质量阵的组装。对给定的RRR—RRR六杆机构进行了建模和求解，给出了其动力响应曲线。实例表明，此方法与传统方法比较，无论从微分方程的列写，还是由计算机进行的解算，都显示出强大优势，解题效率高。     

甜菜素合成相关基因BvDDC1的克隆与表达分析

甜菜素是一种重要的天然色素,具有广阔的应用前景。为探究调控甜菜素合成关键基因BvDDC1功能,本研究测定了不同生长阶段甜菜‘Yellow chard’的甜菜素含量和BvDDC1的相对表达量,同时采用同源克隆技术获得BvDDC1基因序列,并对其进行生物信息学分析及功能预测。结果表明:甜菜叶片中甜菜素含量随甜菜生长时间的延长呈现上升趋势,且BvDDC1在不同时期甜菜叶片中均有表达,呈现先上升后下降的趋势。甜菜素含量越高,BvDDC1表达量越高。BvDDC1序列全长为1509 bp,编码502个氨基酸,编码蛋白不具有跨膜结构,预测其在膜外发挥作用。系统进化树显示与菠菜亲缘关系较近,同源性最高。本研究结果可为解析甜菜素生物合成提供科学依据。