免耕与秸秆还田对中国农田固碳和作物产量的影响

为明确免耕与秸秆还田对中国农田固碳和作物产量的影响,基于1995—2019年公开发表文献中的1 162对研究数据,综合分析免耕和秸秆还田的农田生态及生产效应。结果表明,在全国(不包括香港和澳门特别行政区、台湾省)范围内,仅考虑耕作影响,以翻耕为对照,免耕试验中,占比75.00%的试验研究表现出固碳速率提高,占比42.70%的试验研究表现出增产;仅考虑秸秆影响,以秸秆不还田为对照,秸秆还田试验中占比88.23%的试验表现出固碳速率提高,占比79.80%的试验表现出增产。与传统方式相比,免耕与秸秆还田技术充分推广后,其固碳潜力可分别增至2.22×10~(10)和7.00×10~(10) kg/年,增幅分别为63.90%和7.00%;全国主要粮食作物总产量分别增加-1.16%和3.72%。回归分析表明,免耕对作物产量和有机碳的影响分别与平均气温极显著相关,与土壤粘粒含量显著相关;秸秆还田对作物产量的影响与试验年限显著相关,与土壤pH极显著相关,而对有机碳的影响则与粘粒含量和土壤pH显著相关。总体上,免耕和秸秆还田可明显提高土壤的固碳能力,但存在地域上的差异,免耕和秸秆还田相对传统耕作在区域Ⅰ、区域Ⅱ和区域Ⅳ等区域表现为固碳速率提高。未来应进一步挖掘免耕与秸秆还田的互作效应,进一步增强农田生态效益,提高作物产量。     

Response of wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) and winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) to sulfosulfuron: The role of degradation

Wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum) is one of the most troublesome weed species in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum) in Iran. Two bioassay experiments were conducted in order to study the response of wild barley and wheat to different herbicides and to study the efficacy of pre‐emergence (PRE), postemergence (POST), and PRE followed by POST applications of sulfosulfuron on wild barely. Moreover, the degradation of sulfosulfuron was studied by liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS). The results showed that wild barley was highly tolerant to clodinafop‐propargyl and its dry weight was reduced by only 15%, compared to the control, at the recommended dose (64 g ai ha^?1). Sulfosulfuron reduced the wild barley biomass by ≤50% at the highest dose (90 g ai ha^?1) in the first bioassay but by not more than 20% and 12% at the recommended dose (22 g ai ha^?1) in the first and second bioassay, respectively. Significant differences were found among the application methods of sulfosulfuron, with the POST application being the least effective method. In contrast to the POST application, wild barley was severely injured by the PRE application of sulfosulfuron, with an ED₅₀ dose of 7.3 g ai ha^?1. The degradation study showed that wild barley can metabolize sulfosulfuron that is applied POST, but at a lower rate than wheat. By 4 h after application, wild barley had metabolized 26% of the sulfosulfuron, compared to 46% by wheat. In conclusion, wild barley can metabolize the recommended dose of sulfosulfuron that is applied POST; thus, the PRE application of sulfosulfuron or other integrated methods should be considered for the effective control of wild barley in wheat.     

Effects of uniconazole with or without micronutrient on the lignin biosynthesis,lodging resistance,and winter wheat production in semiarid regions

Lodging stress results in grain yield and quality reduction in wheat. Uniconazole, a potential plant growth regulator significantly enhances lignin biosynthesis and thus provides mechanical strength to plants in order to cope with lodging stress. A field study was conducted during the 2015–2016 and 2016–2017 growing seasons, to investigate the effects of uniconazole sole application or with micronutrient on the lignin biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and production of winter wheat. In the first experiment, uniconazole at concentrations of 0(CK), 15(US1), 30(US2), and 45(US3) mg L~(-1)was applied as sole seed soaking, while in the second experiment with manganese(Mn) at concentration of 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn, 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+ 15 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS1), 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+30 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS2), and 0.06 g L~(-1)Mn+45 mg L~(-1)uniconazole(UMS3), respectively. Uniconazole sole application or with micronutrient significantly increased the lignin content by improving the lignin-related enzyme activities of phenylalanine ammonia-lyase, cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase, tyrosine ammonialyase, and peroxidase, ameliorating basal internode characteristics, and breaking strength. The spike length, spike diameter, spikes/plant, weight/spike, yield/spike, and grain yield increased and then decreased with uniconazole application at a higher concentration, where their maximum values were recorded with UMS2 and US2 treatments. The lignin accumulation was positively correlated with lignin-related enzyme activities and breaking strength while, negatively correlated with lodging rate. Uniconazole significantly improved the lignin biosynthesis, lodging resistance, and grain yield of winter wheat and the treatments which showed the greatest effects were uniconazole seed soaking with micronutrient at a concentration of 30 mg L~(-1)and 0.06 g L~(-1), and uniconazole sole seed soaking at a concentration of 30 mg L~(-1).     

Allelopathy in the rhizosphere and amended soil of Chenopodium murale L.

Soil infested with Chenopodium murale and amended with it were investigated to verify their allelopathic effects on seedling emergence and some growth and physiological parameters of five test species, Trifolium alexandrinum, Triticum aestivum, Melilotus indicus, lycopersicum esculentum and Cucumus sativus. The two types of soil exhibited phytotoxic effects on the seedling emergence of the test species. Growth and physiological parameters were significantly inhibited when the soil was amended with a high concentration of C. murale tissues. Soil amended with shoot tissue had more inhibitory effects than soil amended with root tissue, at the same concentration. M. indicus was more inhibited than the other species in relation to leaf area, dry matter, pigment, carbohydrates and protein contents.     

Stress combination: When two negatives may become antagonistic,synergistic or additive for plants?

Plants in their natural environment are constantly subjected to various abiotic and biotic stressors and, therefore, have developed several defense mechanisms to maintain fitness. Stress responses are intricate and require various physiological, biochemical, and cellular changes in plants. The reaction mechanisms in plants subjected to drought, salinity, or heat stress alone have been explained in numerous studies. However, the field conditions are significantly different from the controlled lab...