灵芝中肿瘤细胞凋亡诱导剂的研究

灵芝水提物（LZ）对8种肿瘤细胞增殖的抑制作用具有剂量依赖关系.通过透析和离子交换凝胶过滤层析方法从LZ中分离出活性组分LZ-DN-2-2和LZ-DW-2-a-3.LZ、LZ-DN-2-2 和LZ-DW-2-a-3可剂量依赖地诱导SW620细胞凋亡,使细胞增殖周期停滞于G0期.     

Towards Enhancement of Early‐Stage Chilling Tolerance and Root Development in Sorghum F1 Hybrids

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) is regarded a drought‐tolerant alternative to maize as a bioenergy and fodder crop, but its early‐stage chilling sensitivity is obstructing a successful implementation in temperate areas. While several studies have identified quantitative trait loci (QTL) underlying chilling tolerance‐related traits in sorghum lines, little is known about the inheritance of these traits in F₁ hybrids. We have conducted a comprehensive approach to analyse heterosis, combining ability and the relation between line per se and hybrid performance for emergence and early shoot and root development comprising both field trials and controlled environment experiments including chilling tests. To our best knowledge, this is the first study analysing heterosis for sorghum root parameters under chilling. Our results show that most traits are heterotic and that the mid‐parent values are rather poor predictors of hybrid performance. Hybrid breeding programmes should focus on efficient GCA tests and the establishment of genetically diverse pools to maximise heterosis rather than on a too strict selection among lines based on their per se performance. The medium‐to‐high heritabilities estimated for seedling emergence and juvenile biomass suggest that a robust breeding progress for these complex traits is feasible.     

Nachernte-Behandlung von Äpfeln mit Calciumchlorid

From 2003 to 2006 the efficacy of post-harvest dips in calcium chloride solution was investigated for apples. Aim of these investigations was to find out the influence of different factors on the Ca-uptake of apples after harvest. The Ca-uptake of the fruit was influenced by following factors:

• the calcium chloride concentration of the dip solution,
• the duration of the dip,
• the duration of fruits' wetting,
• the apple cultivar,
• the addition of a wetting agent and
• the maturity of the fruit.

To get an appreciable Ca-uptake, the addition of a wetting agent is necessary. For a dip time of two minutes calcium chloride concentrations of 7 or 7.5% are needed. Apparently injuries of the apple skin don't appear. An elongation of the dip time or the duration of wetting increased the Ca-uptake. Cultivar and maturity of the fruit affect the Ca-uptake. The increase of the Ca-content can proved only close to the apple skin (skin to 2?cm depth).     

Drones for butterfly conservation: larval habitat assessment with an unmanned aerial vehicle

Context

Evidence-based nature conservation focuses on ecological facts and the incorporation of knowledge on the ecology of species, including its entire life cycle. In butterflies, imagos and its larvae often demand specific and diverging micro-habitat structures and resources. In consequence, ecological requirements of the imaginal and pre-imaginal stage have to be taken into consideration to conduct effective conservation management.

Objective

Here we analyse ecological pre-requisites of imagos and larvae for two lycaenid butterfly species, the common blue Polyommatus icarus and the adonis blue Polyommatus bellargus. Both butterfly species occur in calcareous grasslands and mainly depend on two plant species at our study site, the horseshoe vetch Hippocrepis comosa and bird’s-foot trefoil Lotus corniculatus. These plant species serve as nectar sources and larval host plants for the two butterfly species.

Methods

First, we assessed the occurrence of imagines and larvae of the two butterfly species and recorded various micro-habitat characteristics, like the number of flower buds of the two main host plants, the surrounding vegetation height, percentage of bare soil, availability of shadow, and the distance to and geographic direction of thickets at respective sites. In a second step we took high resolution aerial pictures from our study area using an unmanned aerial vehicle (drone). Based on these aerial pictures and the information on the larvae´s habitat preference from our field observations, we trained a habitat suitability model to identify micro-habitat structures suitable for larvae of the two butterfly species.

Results

We found that abundance of imagos is positively correlated with flower bud density of the two host plants. Low vegetation height and high proportion of bare soil (but not flower bud density) positively influence egg oviposition. The calculated habitat suitability models predict the occurrence of high quality larval habitats with high prediction power (AUC = 0.72).

Conclusions

This combined data set consisting of field observations, high resolution aerial pictures taken from an unmanned aerial vehicle, and models underline that (1) species with complex life cycles may request more than one habitat niche, depending its stage of development, and (2) high resolution aerial pictures taken from drones provide valuable background data to generate habitat suitability models—even on a micro scale but covering larger parts of a landscape.

     

Updating urban forest inventories: An example of the DISMUT model

Canberra is a unique city in Australia where the trees on public land that dominate the urban forest were planned for at the city's inception. In the mid-1990s, a 100% census of street and park trees was completed, and together with simple health, growth and yield models, this database formed the basis of a decision information system to support the management of the urban trees – DISMUT. The accuracy of the models was evaluated in a study in 2005 where models to predict total tree height were found to be unbiased and precise, tree crown dimension were under-estimated for small trees, and tree health was over-estimated. The over-estimate of health may be due to the relatively poor rainfall conditions over the past 10 years while the biases in crown dimension predictions are more likely due to a too simple model form. However, the existence of DISMUT predictions over all streets and parks in Canberra means that statistically efficient two-phase sampling approaches can be used to correct for any bias in the mean estimates of tree numbers and size, and also to predict the mean value of other environmental, economic or social parameters of interest that are correlated to tree size.     

Probleme der Pflanzenzüchtung aus biochemischer Sicht

Zusammenfassung Die Ergebnisse der Arbeit werden im folgenden kurz zusammengefaßt:1. Zwischen ertragsbildenden und biochemischen Merkmalen der Nahrungs- und Futterpflanzen bestehen gewisse Korrelationen, deren Kenntnis dem Pflanzenzüchter wertvolle Hilfe leisten kann.2. Der Gehalt an wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen wird zumeist erblich geprägt. Diese Stoffe unterliegen Modifikationen durch Umwelt und Kulturmaßnahmen innerhalb bestimmter Grenzen.Einige chemische Stoffe, wie Nitrat und Nitrit, entziehen sich jedoch als transitorische Stoffwechselprodukte einer erblichen Fixierung. Sie werden z.B. im Spinat durch Umwelt und hohe N-Düngung stark angereichert. Sie können gegebenenfalls gesundheitliche Schäden bei Säuglingen hervorrufen (Methämoglobinämie).3. Die Erkenntnisse der Chemotaxonomie der Pflanze erleichtern dem Phytochemiker die Arbeit bei der biochemischen Qualitätszüchtung. Er kann auf Grund chemotaxonomischer Angaben ersehen, welche erwünschten und unerwünschten Stoffe in bestimmten Pflanzenfamilien oder in ihren Arten vorkommen.4. Anhand von zwei Beispielen, Provitamin A und Biologische Eiweißwertigkeit — letztgenannte durch Höhe und Anteil essentieller Aminosäuren am Rohprotein bedingt — wird die Problematik der biochemischen Pflanzenzüchtung auf Grund langfristiger experimenteller Untersuchungen aufgezeigt. Maßnahmen, um Fehlschläge oder Fehldeutungen zu vermeiden, werden angeführt.5. Sonstige wertgebende Inhaltsstoffe von Bedeutung für die Pflanzenzüchtung werden genannt, etwaige Probleme — soweit bekannt — diskutiert.6. Anhand einer Reihe von Beispielen wird dargelegt, wie der praktiscnen Pflanzenzüchtung zu einer leicht durchzuführenden Selektionsmethode aus biochemischer Sicht zu verhelfen ist. Allein durch Übermittlung bestimmter experimentell gewonnener Erkenntnisse, z.B. eines unterschiedlichen Gehalts an wertgebenden Inhaltsstoffen in morphologisch bzw. anatomisch differenzierten Pflanzenteilen (vegetativ, reproduktiv — oberirdisch, unterirdisch), ist dies schon möglich.

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Summary The results of this paper are summarized as follows:1.Certain correlations exist between characters influencing yield and biochemical features. The knowledge of these facts is of great importance to plant breeders.2. The contents of biochemical substances will be characterized genetically. These compounds underly modifications by environment and cultural measures within definite limits.Some chemical substances of the transitoric metabolism of plants, such as nitrate and nitrite, are not fixed genetically. They increase by ecology and high amounts of nitrogen, e.g. in spinach. As a result they may cause detrimental implications for infants (Methaemoglobinaemia).3. The knowledge of chemical plant taxonomy will help the phytochemist in his aims with biochemical breeding for quality, enabling him to point out wanted and unwanted compounds in definite plant families or in their species.4. Problems of biochemical plant breeding are discussed with the aid of long termed experimental investigations by two examples, Provitamine A and Biological Value of Proteins, the latter defined by amount and proportion of essential amino acids to crude protein. Measures to avoid mistakes and misinterpretations are described.5. Other biochemical substances important in plant breeding are cited and problems discussed as far as they are known.6. Examples show ways of practical plant breeding to a selection method from the biochemical angle easy to carry out. It can be realized alone by the use of certain findings gained by experiments, e.g. with the knowledge of different biochemical contents in parts of plants (vegetative, reproductive — aboveground, underground), which are differenciated morphologically and anatomically.

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Résumé Voici un bref résumé de ce travail:1^o) Les caractères affectant le rendement et les caractères biochimiques des plantes alimentaires et fourragères sont liés dans une certaine mesure, et ces corrélations peuvent rendre les plus grands services au sélectionneur.2^o) Les caractères de taux de substances utiles sont en général héréditaires. Ces taux sont modifiés dans des limites déterminées par le milieu externe et par les méthodes culturales.Quelques substances, telles que nitrates et nitrites, qui sont des substances transitoires du métabolisme, échappent à tout déterminisme héréditaire. L'écologie, une fumure azotée excessive déterminent leur accumulation chez l'épinard. Ils peuvent éventuellement déterminer des accidents de santé chez les nourrissons (méthémoglobinémie).3^o) La connaissance de la taxonomie chimique des végétaux facilite le travail du phytochimiste qui sélectionne en vue de la qualité. Il peut, d'après les données de la taxonomie chimique, prévoir les substances désirables ou indésirables dans certaines familles ou certaines espèces.4^o) A partir de deux exemples, provitamine A et valeur biologique des protéines, cette dernière conditionnée par la proportion d'aminoacides essentiels contenus dans les matières azotées totales, toute la problématique de la sélection biochimique des plantes cultivées au cours d'essais expérimentaux de longue durée est décrite. Les causes d'erreurs, les interprétations erronées, sont signalées.5^o) D'autres substances déterminant la qualité aux yeux du sélectionneur, et les problèmes qui s'y rattachent, dans la mesure où ils sont connus, sont discutés.6^o) Une série d'exemples montrent comment la sélection végétale pratique peut s'aider par des méthodes faciles et pourtant biochimiquement valables. Certaines données expérimentales — par exemple la différenciation des taux d'éléments utiles dans les diverses parties morphologiquement différenciées du végétal (système végétatif, reproducteur, organes aériens, souterrains) permettent des sélections faciles.

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mit 24 Fig.

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Vortrag, gehalten auf der gemeinsamen Tagung EUCARPIA-CIQ in Lund, Schweden (14.–17. Juli 1965) am 16.7.1965.Dieses Vortragsmanuskript erscheint auch in gegenseitigem Einvernehmen in den: Proceedings of the EUCARPIA-CIQ Congress in Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Stockholm 1966.     

Effects of xylazine and acetylpromazine upon induced ventricular fibrillation in dogs anesthetized with thiamylal and halothane.

Ventricular arryhythmias including ventricular fibrillation were produced with epinephrine in dogs induced to an anesthetic state with thiamylal and maintained with halothane. In dogs given (premedicated) xylazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular fibrillation, were induced with much smaller doses of epinephrine than in nonpremedicated dogs. Dogs premedicated with acetylpromazine 20 minutes prior to anesthesia with thiamylal and halothane displayed protection from epinephrine-induced arrhythmias. Caution is advised from using xylazine in the presence of halothane if epinephrine is to be administered.     

Synthetic immunostimulants (excluding sulfur-containing compounds)

Many different approaches have been used, over the last 15 years, for the design of potential immunostimulating drugs: Fractionation of crude natural substances (of eukaryotic or prokaryotic origin) already known to enhance immune functions, followed by chemical characterization and, in many cases, full synthesis of the active moiety: examples are provided by thymic hormones and the muramyldipeptide (MDP); Chemical modification of natural substances of known chemical structure in order to potentiate or change their biological activities or reduce their toxicity: murabutide, lipophilic MDP derivatives, lipopeptides (such as pimelautide), tuftsin analogs; Chemical synthesis (often without preconceived ideas about structure-activity relationship) of a great variety of molecules which are then screened in vitro and in vivo for immunopharmacological activity. The chemical structures and the biological profiles (in terms of possible primary cellular targets and mechanisms of immunostimulating activities) of representatives of class (b) and class (c) immunostimulants are reviewed in this paper.