Effects of five oleanolic acid triterpenoid saponins from the rhizome of Anemone raddeana on stimulus-induced superoxide generation, phosphorylation of proteins and translocation of cytosolic compounds to cell membrane in human neutrophils

Five oleanolic acid triterpenoid saponins (OTS-1, 2, 3, 4 and 5) were isolated from the rhizome of Anemone raddeana. The effect of these triterpenoid saponins on stimulus-induced superoxide generation in human neutrophils was assayed by measuring the reduction of ferricytochrome c using a dual-beam spectrophotometer. The phosphorylation of neutrophil proteins, and translocation of p67(phox), p47(phox) and Rac to plasma membrane were investigated using specific monoclonal antibodies. The five oleanolic acid triterpenoid saponins used in this experiment suppressed N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP)-induced superoxide generation in a concentration-dependent manner. OTS-1, 2 and 4 suppressed phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)- and arachidonic acid (AA)-induced superoxide generation in a concentration-dependent manner, but OTS-3 and 5 showed no effect. fMLP- and PMA-induced tyrosyl or serine/threonine phosphorylation, and fMLP-, PMA- and AA-induced translocation of p67(phox), p47(phox) and Rac to plasma membrane were in parallel with the suppression of the stimulus-induced superoxide generation.     

Pharmacokinetic study of baicalein after oral administration in monkeys

Baicalein, a flavonoid originally isolated from the root of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, has numerous pharmacological activities. Up to now, several studies regarding the pharmacokinetic profiles of baicalein have been described, while there is no such study reported in monkey, the species which is more similar to human. The purpose of this study was to investigate the pharmacokinetic profiles of baicalein after oral administration in monkeys. After orally administrating three doses of baicalein in monkeys, multi-peaks of the plasma concentration-time curves were observed and the non-linear pharmacokinetics for baicalein and its metabolite baicalin were found at doses of 50-500mg/kg. In order to calculate the absolute bioavailability, the intravenous pharmacokinetic study was also carried out after intravenous administration of 10mg/kg baicalein. The absolute bioavailability of baicalein in different doses was ranged from 13.1% to 23.0%. In this study, baicalein and baicalin were determined by LC-MS method. The chromatographic separation was performed on Agilent Poroshell 120 SB-C18 column (2.7μm, 2.1×50mm). Baicalein and baicalin were detected by single quadrupole mass spectrometer equipment with electrospray ionization interface with the selected ion monitoring mode. The assay was linear for both baicalein and baicalin with the correlation coefficients>0.99. The intra- and inter-day precisions for baicalein and baicalin were all less than 15% by relative standard deviation. The analytes were stable during samples storage and handling, and no matrix effects were observed. The method we developed in this study was sensitive, precise, stable and producible.     

Lathyrane diterpenes from Euphorbia prolifera and their inhibitory activities on LPS-induced NO production

A new lathyrane diterpene (1), an unreported spectroscopic data lathyrane diterpenene (2), and two known analaogues (3 and 4) have been isolated from Euphorbia prolifera. Their structures were elucidated as (12E,2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,9S,11S,15R)-3-butyryloxy-5,15-diacetoxy-6,17-epoxylathyra- 12-en-14-one (1), (12E,2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,9S,11S,15R)-3-propionyloxy-5,15-diacetoxy-6,17- epoxylathyra-12-en-14-one (2), (12E,2S,3S,4R,5R,6S,9S,11S,15R)-3-benzoyloxy-5,15-diacetoxy -6,17-epoxylathyra-12-en-14-one (3), and 15-O-acetyl-17-hydroxyjolkinol (4) by spectroscopic methods (IR, ESIMS, HR-ESIMS, NMR, and X-ray crystallography). The inhibitory activities on LPS-induced NO production of these diterpenes were evaluated and compounds 1, 3 and 4 showed inhibitory effects.     

Participatory agroforestry development for restoring degraded sloping land in DPR Korea

Participatory approaches in agroforestry combine land, labor, and knowledge, by blending local experience with external expert support for sloping land restoration. We describe and analyze over a decade of bottom-up agroforestry development processes that today are influencing national policies. In the 1990s, after economic upheaval following the collapse of trade with the USSR (Soviet Union) rapid conversion of sloping lands to agriculture, in association with heavy rainfall events, caused widespread erosion and landslides. In response, pilot scale ??user groups?? obtained rights-to-use, rights-to-harvest and rights-to-plan or access to sloping lands for tree products and food. All three rights were novel in the DPR Korea and jointly contributed to success, together with active research support. Innovations in double-cropping annual food crops together with non-competitive contour strips of valuable fruits (aronia berry: Aronia melanocarpa) and/or high-value timber (larch: Larix leptolepis) emerged as preferred local agroforestry systems. Broad support for agroforestry practices has now emerged within the Ministry of Land and Environmental Protection as well as a number of universities and research centres. Further development will require increased engagement with agricultural and horticultural agencies, while the social dimensions of participatory agroforestry continue to provide rich learning.     

Two Burkholderia strains from nodules of Dalbergia odorifera T. Chen in Hainan Island, southern China

Two Burkholderia strains 8111 and 8201 were isolated from root nodules of Dalbergia odorifera, an endemic woody legume in southern China. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene and 16S-23S gene intergenic spacer (ITS) showed that these two bacterial strains were closely related to Burkholderia cepacia and they were also similar in carbon source utilization using Biolog GN2 plate tests. The DNA G+C content of strains 8111 and 8201 were 65.8 and 65.5?mol%. Inoculation tests demonstrated that both strains 8111 and 8201 formed functional root nodules in their original host D. odorifera, and significantly enhanced plant growth (as measured by plant biomass and nitrogen content), compared to the no-inoculated control plants. Sequencing of 16S rRNA gene in nodules of D. odorifera seedlings inoculated with strains 8111 and 8201 confirmed their identity. However, these two strains did not induce root nodulation in Acacia auriculiformis and Erythrophleum fordii. This implies that the nodulation capacity between Burkholderia strains 8111 or 8201 and their legume hosts may be specific. Our results show that both Burkholderia strains 8111 and 8201 are able to form functional nodules on D. odorifera and are potentially beneficial inoculants for seedling propagation to be used in large scale D. odorifera plantations.     

西部地区文冠果种群种子特征及主要化学成分的地理变化

通过野外实际调查和测定,对我国西部地区8个文冠果天然群体的种子特征及主要化学成分进行研究。结果表明:8个文冠果种群的种子横径为1.05～1.51cm,纵径为0.86～1.38cm,种形指数为1.07～1.32,种群间存在显著差异;陕西延安种群种子的千粒质量和出仁率均最大,分别为1108.4g和48.28%,显著高于甘肃和青海种群;8个种群的种仁含油率均在53%以上,且不同种群间差异显著;文冠果种仁油含有12种脂肪酸,其中含量最高的是亚油酸(40.90%～46.12%),其次是油酸(29.21%～31.25%);含有17种氨基酸(22.53%～27.58%),包括7种必需氨基酸,占总氨基酸的27.61%。相关分析结果表明:文冠果种形指数表现出明显的地理变化规律,随经度的增加,种形指数逐渐减小;种子千粒质量与4—9月份的降水量呈极显著正相关,与年平均温度呈显著正相关,与年干燥度呈显著负相关;种仁油含量随地理经度的减小而降低,与4—9月份的降水量呈显著正相关;种仁氨基酸含量与地理经度及无霜期相关性显著,随经度和无霜期的增加而增大,即东部地区氨基酸含量较高。     

不同间伐强度下辽东栎种群结构特征与空间分布格局

种群结构是植物种群的重要属性,反映种群个体在空间上的组配方式和发展趋势;种群分布格局是指种群个体在水平空间的配置状况或分布状态,反映种群个体在水平空间上彼此间的相互关系(蒋     

基于稳定碳同位素技术的华北石质山区2种果农复合模式水分利用研究

在冬小麦返青期、拔节期、扬花-灌浆期和成熟期4个生育期采用稳定碳同位素技术研究华北石质山区4年生株行距3m×4m的核桃-小麦和石榴-小麦复合系统以及单作小麦的水分利用。研究得出核桃间作小麦(WIW)、石榴间作小麦(MIW)和单作小麦(MW)的δ13C和WUE分别为-27.151‰,-26.788‰,-27.338‰和12.780,13.285,12.622mmolC·mol-1H2O。在整个小麦生育期,δ13C和WUE都以石榴间作小麦的最大。WIW和MIW的WUE在拔节期分别比MW显著提高13.84%和10.86%。产量和总生物量都是MW显著高于WIW和MIW。WIW和MIW的总耗水量为185.92mm和175.27mm,分别比MW(253.81mm)少耗26.75%和30.94%,间作系统可显著降低小麦的耗水量,比单作小麦分别减产26.79%和32.19%。产量和生物量呈正相关且两者都与耗水量呈显著正相关,但与WUE相关性不显著,表明小麦耗水越多形成的生物量和产量越多。核桃-小麦和石榴-小麦间作系统在果树的第4年果实收获与清耕果园差异不明显,间作小麦尽管减产但仍有较好的作物收益并且耗水少,可以继续发展林农复合系统,以最大限度地提高经济效益。     

多效唑调控观赏竹生长的初步研究

竹笋施用多效唑后,对其新梢日平均生长量及成竹后全竹高,枝下高、节间长、叶面积均有显著的抑制作用,注射处理在浓度300～800 mg·kg-1,喷施处理在浓度300～1000 mg·kg-1范围内,随处理浓度递增,抑制作用更为显著.应用多效唑能提高观赏竹的观赏价值,解决盆景制作的矮化及枝叶美化问题.     

林木远缘杂交育种现状及研究进展

远缘杂交是拓宽种内遗传资源、扩大基因库和弥补近源杂交局限性的重要手段, 目前在林业生产上已取得了重要成果。然而, 由于生殖隔离的存在, 远缘杂交往往具有一定的不亲和性, 对育种进程造成了较大的阻碍。文中对远缘杂交育种的发展历史、原理、育种策略及在林业上的研究成果进行了综述, 并对远缘杂交育种过程中存在的困难及解决办法进行了分析, 以期为远缘杂交育种在林业上的应用提供参考。