地形因子对天山北坡天山云杉林土壤有机碳的影响

【目的】研究地形因子对天山北坡天山云杉林土壤有机碳的影响。【方法】在新疆农业大学实习林场选取不同海拔、不同坡度和不同坡向的样地采集土壤样品,测定土壤有机碳含量并计算其碳密度。【结果】不同海拔梯度下,天山云杉林土壤有机碳含量介于41.65~77.67 g/kg,土壤有机碳密度介于9.47~14.27 kg/m²,土壤有机碳含量及密度均随着海拔的升高呈减少的趋势。0~20 cm土层坡度小于15°时,土壤有机碳含量表现为最高(105.08 g/kg),而当坡度达到30°~35°时,土壤有机碳含量最低;不同坡向上土壤有机碳含量从高到低依次为阴坡>半阴坡>半阳坡>阳坡,其中0~20 cm土层阴坡上土壤有机碳含量显著高于阳坡(P<0.05),20~60 cm土层土壤有机碳含量在各坡向之间差异不显著。【结论】天山北坡天山云杉林在高海拔区域内整个剖面土壤有机碳含量分布较低海拔区域相对均匀。坡向对土壤有机碳的再分配作用在20~60cm土层土壤中难以发挥作用。     

强烈人为作用下城镇周围汞的空间变异及其积累迁移规律

研究土壤中汞(Hg)元素积累的空间变异和迁移转化规律对土壤利用、环境评价和污染修复具有重要参考价值。本研究选择经济发展迅速的苏南某地为研究区域,对土壤、水稻和大气降尘中的Hg进行了详细分析。结果表明,该区域土壤全汞平均含量达1 345μg kg-1,有效汞(HC l-Hg)平均含量51μg kg-1,水稻Hg平均含量20μg kg-1,大气Hg沉降量为5.13 g km-230 d-1。土壤和水稻高含量Hg主要积聚于城镇周边,随着与城镇距离的增加其含量逐渐减少。大气Hg沉降量在空间上变化不大。进入土壤中的Hg主要在土壤表层0~20 cm范围内富集,但直至60 cm深处依然存在积累现象,整个剖面土壤活性态汞和半活性态汞含量占全汞的比例变化不大。研究区土壤出现了明显Hg积累,导致水稻Hg吸收明显增加,不少样点超过了国家土壤环境质量二级标准(300μg kg-1)和国家食品污染物限量标准(20μg kg-1),可能对环境和人体健康产生危害。较低的大气Hg沉降量和土壤积累的Hg已与土壤条件达到平衡的事实表明,目前Hg的积累已明显减少。今后应采取措施修复污染土壤或者通过改变作物种类来减少土壤Hg含量或抑制作物对Hg的吸收,达到环境治理的目的。     

Accumulation,transfer, and environmental risk of soil mercury in a rapidly industrializing region of the Yangtze River Delta,China

Purpose  

Mercury (Hg) accumulation and transfer in soil ecosystems has been altered on local, regional, and even global scales, and their environmental risk has increasingly been a concern to the public and the scientific community.     

基于层次分析法的核心出版社评价体系研究

论述了核心出版社的评价原则,建构可行的评价体系,运用AHP法对出版社进行定性、定量分析评价,为图书采访工作提供切实可行的依据。     

中国土壤温度的季节性变化及其区域分异研究

土壤温度是重要的土壤物理性质,其区域分异和季节性变化直接影响着土壤生物的生长发育、繁殖和分布,与农业生产和生态环境紧密相关。本研究根据中国1971～2000年地面气候资料中年均和月均土壤温度、气温和降水数据,分析了我国土壤温度的季节变化及其区域分异特征,并分析了气温和降水对土壤温度的影响。研究表明,我国土壤温度的季节性变化非常明显,土壤温度从春季到夏季变化最大,20℃等温线的纬度跳跃接近25°,而由冬季到春季土壤温度的变化最为缓和。土壤温度的季节变化在不同区域之间存在显著差异;不同区域中土壤温度与气温、降水之间的相关性也各不相同,在温带区域和青藏高原区,气温是土壤温度变化的主要影响因素;在亚热带和热带湿润区土壤温度的季节变化受到气温和降水的共同作用。     

羔羊体外胚胎高效生产技术研究

该研究旨在比较良种肉羊5周龄、13周龄羔羊激素处理后卵巢卵泡发育及体外胚胎发育的影响.通过FSH和孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)处理,比较卵巢上2~8 mm卵泡的数量及体外胚胎的发育情况.结果表明:5周龄羔羊卵巢发育的卵泡数和采集到的卵母细胞数(58.6±1.9、47.4±4.2)都高于13周龄羔羊卵泡数和卵母细胞数(14.4±4.1、11.6±1.7),且差异显著(P<0.05).5、13周龄羔羊卵母细胞受精后的卵裂率(60.0%±1.9%、61.6%±5.2%)及囊胚率(27.4%±2.1%、28.2%±3.7%),两者间差异不显著.     

降水预报准确率对变量灌溉水分管理的影响

为充分利用降水,提高变量灌溉水分管理精度,将降水预报信息与变量灌溉制度结合生成变量灌溉处方图,在评估2016年和2017年不同降水等级预报准确率的基础上,研究了未来3 d降水预报信息对冬小麦和夏玉米变量灌溉制度的影响.结果表明,两年冬小麦和夏玉米生育期内,预见期1,2,3 d的降水预报信息准确率差异不大,无雨预报准确率最高,两年平均为83.3%,大雨和暴雨次之,为51.7%,中雨预报准确率最差,为23.0%.结合降水预报信息制定变量灌溉制度,2016年冬小麦和2017年夏玉米生育期内分别减少灌水量8 mm和16 mm.根据目前预报信息准确率,建议无雨和小雨预报时,直接按设计灌水定额灌溉;中雨预报时,可采用灌水定额的80%实施灌溉;大雨和暴雨预报时,可适当推迟灌溉.     

Determining placement criteria of moisture sensors through temporal stability analysis of soil water contents for a variable rate irrigation system

Developing placement criteria for soil moisture sensors is crucial in increasing the practical functionality of a variable rate irrigation (VRI) system. In this field study, the temporal stability pattern of soil water content was compared between VRI and uniform rate irrigation (URI) treatments during growing seasons of winter wheat and summer maize to determine the placement criteria of soil water sensors. The 1.64-ha experimental site located in a highly variable alluvial flood plain was divided into four management zones according to the available water holding capacity ranging from 152 to 205 mm within the 0.6 m soil profile. In each zone, two sub-zones were created to represent VRI and URI treatments. A temporal stability analysis of soil moisture was conducted by regularly measuring soil water contents at 62 locations in the field during the growing seasons. Results showed that the VRI management changed the overall similarity of soil moisture spatial patterns when crop water consumption was provided mainly by irrigation water rather than precipitation. In each management zone, every measuring position was a time-stable location with respect to the mean soil water content. Significant linear regressions were detected between the mean clay percentile in each management zone and the clay percentile representing the mean soil water content sites, and a nearly equivalent value of fitted equation coefficient was obtained for winter wheat (1.15) and summer maize (1.19). These results demonstrated that the temporal stability of soil water content spatial patterns still existed in each management zone with the VRI management, and the clay percentile supplied a priori identification for placement of soil moisture sensors.     

植物病毒病选择性治疗药剂的筛选研究

 超氧自由基(O₂^·-)清除剂甘露醇和抗坏血酸在离体条件下对稻瘟菌丝生长有一定抑制作用,但它们施用到水稻上后却会加重稻瘟病的发生。O₂^·-清除剂对烯丙异表现拮抗作用。经烯丙异处理的水稻幼苗接种稻瘟菌后能刺激O₂^·-的产生。外源H₂O₂和超氧自由基对稻瘟病菌和水稻细胞有直接毒害。本研究表明:烯丙异刺激水稻体内产生的O₂^·-在药剂诱导水稻对稻瘟病抗性反应中发挥作用。     

Effect of sampling density on regional soil organic carbon estimation for cultivated soils

An extensive knowledge of how sampling density affects soil organic C (SOC) estimation at regional scale is imperative to reduce uncertainty to a meaningful confidence level and aid in the development of sampling schemes that are both rational and economical. Using kriging prediction, this paper examined the effect of sampling density on regional SOC‐concentration estimations in cultivated topsoils at six scales in a 990 km² area of Yucheng County, a typical region in the N China Plain. Except the original data set (n = 394), five other sampling densities were recalculated using grids of 8 km × 8 km (n = 28), 8 km × 4 km (n = 44), 4 km × 4 km (n = 82), 4 km × 2 km (n = 142), and 2 km × 2 km (n = 257), respectively. Experimental SOC semivariances and kriging interpolations at six sampling density scales were calculated and modeled to estimate regional SOC variability. Accuracy of the effects of the five sampling densities on regional SOC estimations was assessed using the indices of mean error (ME) and root mean square error (RMSE) with 100 independent validation samples. By comparison with the kriged grid map derived from the 394 samples data set, the relative error (RE,%) was spatially calculated to highlight the spatial variability of prediction errors at five sampling‐density scales due to the intrinsic limitations of ME and RMSE in accuracy assessment. The results indicated that sampling density significantly affected the estimation of regional SOC concentration. Particularly when the sampling density was < 4 km × 4 km, the large spatial variation of SOC was concealed. Semivariance analysis indicated that different sampling density had significant effect on reasonable detection of the dominant factors which influenced SOC spatial variation. Greater sampling density could more exactly reveal regional SOC variation caused by human management. The prediction accuracy for regional SOC estimation increased with the increasing of sampling density. The critical areas with larger RE values should be intensified in the future sampling scheme, and the areas of lower RE values should be decreased relatively. A specific sampling scheme should be considered in accordance with the demand to the estimation accuracy of regional SOC stock at a certain confidence level. Our results will facilitate a better understanding of the effect of sampling density on regional SOC estimation for future sampling schemes by providing meaningful confidence levels.