黄河包头段沉积物组成对重金属形态分布的影响研究

通过黄河包头段打不素、昆都仑河及昆都仑河入黄河口下游断面沉积物分层柱状样中Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd等4种重金属的5种形态与矿物组成及有机质的聚类分析,结合腐植酸对Cu、Pb、Zn和Cd在黄河包头段沉积物中吸附影响实验,进行了黄河包头段沉积物组成对重金属形态分布的影响分析.结果表明,伊利石和绿泥石是黄河包头段水环境中颗粒物携带重金属的主要矿物成分.并对重金属次生相的4种形态均有重要影响;碳酸钙(方解石)通过对水环境中CO32-浓度的调节,间接对沉积物中重金属形态产生影响,并影响其他矿物对重金属的运移能力;石英、正长石、斜长石及钠闪石等4种矿物对水环境中重金属的固定作用较小,只对可交换态重金属产生影响;沉积物中有机质因易与水环境中的重金属结合及被沉积物矿物组分吸附,从而影响重金属有机质结合态含量.     

鲜食杏品种的花型调查与分析

对关中地区常见的11个鲜食杏品种连续3 a的花型数量分布进行了调查分析,并计算了遗传力.结果表明,①不同杏品种及不同枝型的花型分布比例存在着显著差异,11个品种中以沙金红杏和争魁的有效花比例最大,分别达到76.59和53.14,具有较强的丰产潜力,属丰产型品种;串枝红杏、红杏、猪皮水杏、王八达杏、荷包杏和日本杏有效花比例在21～37之间,增产潜力中等,属于中产型品种;旬阳荷包杏、张公园杏和西农20号杏有效花比例在20以下,增产潜力较差,属低产型品种.②杏树有效花比例主要受遗传因素所控制,连续3 a的遗传力     

Pharmacokinetics of oral chlortetracycline in nonpregnant adult ewes

The objectives of this study were to determine plasma concentrations and pharmacokinetic parameters of feed‐grade chlortetracycline (CTC) in sheep after oral administration of 80 or 500 mg/head daily, divided into two equal doses given at 12‐h intervals for 8 days. These are the approved, and commonly used but unapproved, feed additive doses, respectively, in the United States for the prevention of ovine infectious abortion. Blood samples were collected just prior to dosing at 0, 12, 24, 72, 96, and 192 h, as well as 4, 8, 12, 24, and 36 h after the last dose, and noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis was performed to estimate elimination half‐life and area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC). Mean observed maximum CTC concentrations (C_max) were 20.0 ng/mL (80 mg dose) and 101 ng/mL (500 mg dose). Mean apparent elimination half‐life was 18 h (80 mg dose) and 20 h (500 mg dose). Although published data do not exist to estimate plasma CTC concentrations necessary for the prevention of ovine infectious abortion, concentrations reached in our study suggest that either the FDA‐approved and FDA‐unapproved dosages are not high enough or that the pharmacodynamic parameter relating preventive dose to pathogen minimum inhibitory concentrations is yet to be determined.     

基于TDC-GP1的波速法单板层积材分级系统设计

提出一种单板层积材力学强度分级系统的设计方案。该方案利用高精度数字时间转换芯片TDC-GP1测试超声波在单板层积材中的传播速度,从而评估单板层积材的力学强度并对其进行在线分级。试验表明,该系统工作稳定、抗干扰能力强,精度高,适合工业推广。     

Evaluation of a model for Escherichia coli O157:H7 colonization in streptomycin-treated adult cattle

OBJECTIVE: To develop a repeatable model for studying colonization with streptomycin-resistant Escherichia coli O157:H7 in adult cattle. ANIMALS: 5 adult mixed-breed beef cattle. PROCEDURES: Cattle were surgically cannulated in the duodenum, treated daily with streptomycin (33 mg/kg) via the duodenal cannula prior to and during experimental colonizations, and colonized with 10(10) CFUs of streptomycin-resistant E coli O157:H7 via the duodenal cannula. Colonization of rectal mucus and shedding in feces were monitored. Antimicrobials were administered to eliminate the colonizing strain so that 5 repeated colonization experiments could be performed. A comprehensive analysis of colonization was performed at necropsy. RESULTS: Streptomycin treatment resulted in improved experimental colonization variables, compared with untreated controls, during initiation (days 2 to 6) and early maintenance (days 7 to 12) of colonization. Elimination of the colonizing strain followed by 5 repeated colonizations in the same animals indicated the repeatability of the protocol. Positive results of bacteriologic culture of feces 7 and 12 days after colonization were obtained in 100% and 84% of samples, respectively, across all animals and trials. At necropsy, highest magnitude recovery was in terminal rectal mucus. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The model was highly repeatable and novel with respect to streptomycin treatment, use of duodenal cannulas, and repeated colonizations of the same animals. Its use in adult cattle, from which most bovine-derived food originates, is critical to the study of preharvest food safety. The findings have implications for understanding intermittency of shedding in the field and for proposed vaccine-based interventions.     

Study on Environmental Quality Parameters in Broiler House with Three-overlap Cages in Winter and Autumn

The study was conducted to detect the indoor environmental quality parameters of broiler house with three-overlap cages and analyze the differences in winter and autumn. In the process of feeding, the same farming house in the same farm was chosen to carry out the test. The indoor ambient temperature, humidity and the air quality were determined in chicken house in different seasons. The measure points were distributed in 4 different positions in the house. The experiment period was from 3 to 6 weeks of broilers.The results showed that there was no significant difference in the ambient temperature between autumn and winter during experimental period (P >0.05). The ambient temperature in the house in winter was slightly higher than in autumn. The humidity in autumn was significantly higher than that in winter (P <0.05).The temperature and humidity in two seasons could meet the requirements of broiler growth. There was no significant difference in ammonia concentration between autumn and winter, while ammonia level in winter was slightly higher than that in autumn. The carbon dioxide in the house was significantly higher in winter than that in autumn (P <0.05). The total number of airborne bacteria in winter was significantly higher than that in autumn (P <0.05). The indoor temperature kept constant in autumn and winter seasons in closed poultry house. In winter, the humidity was reduced, the carbon dioxide concentration was increased, and the total number of bacteria in the air was increased.So, the ventilation should increase at the same time of heating in winter.     

Effect of Humidity on Broiler Health and Corresponding Measures

With the development of intensive broiler raising, the influence of environmental factors on broiler health are increasingly prominent. Relative humidity is one of the most important indicators of broiler house environment.But in the production process of broiler farming,it is often neglected on the management of humidity in house. Neither low humidity nor high humidity is conducive to the healthy growth of broilers. It is of great significance to strengthen the monitoring of the humidity in broiler houses and study the effects of relative humidity on the health of broiler for guiding the rational control of the humidity in broiler houses and the development of healthy breeding. In this paper, we summarized and analyzed the effects of relative humidity on thermal regulating,growth performance, reproductive performance, blood parameters, meat quality and respiratory tract of broilers, and the monitor and control measures of humidity in the poultry house, aimed to provide a reference for further research on the mechanism of relative humidity affects broiler health and rational regulation of humidity in broiler house.