Fat status in Lohmann Silver and Lohmann tradition laying hens kept in modified small group housing systems, small group housing systems, furnished cages and an aviary system

The influence of different housing systems on adiposis of liver, abdomen and heart was evaluated in 670 Lohmann Silver (LS) and 240 Lohmann Tradition (LT) laying hens during two trials. Examinations took place in the 3rd, 6th, 9th and 12th laying month. In addition, serum concentration of triglycerides (TRI) was analysed. Housing systems included in this study were a furnished cage system (Aviplus (AP)), a small group housing system (Eurovent 625a-EU (EV)), with perches on the same (first trial) and on different levels (second trial, MEV), and an aviary system (Voliere Natura (AV)). In both trials, a significantly lower fat status of abdomen and liver could be observed in hens housed in AV. Consistently in both trials, body weight and housing system had the largest influence on fat status of liver, abdomen and heart. Scores of fat status of liver and abdomen in EV and MEV were in between of those observed in AV and AP, while heart fat status did not differ among housing systems. With an increasing macroscopic fat status of the liver, liver weight and TRI concentration significantly increased. Different perch positions in MEV did not have a significant influence on fat status in layers.     

Ultrastructural Aspects of the Prenatal Bovine Ovary Differentiation with a Special Focus on the Interstitial Cells

The aim of this investigation was to study the ultrastructural features during the development of fetal bovine ovaries (crown rump length ranging from 11.4 to 94.0 cm). An interesting observation was the occurrence of big elongated cells containing a variety of electron dense granules and light homogenous vacuoles/bodies. They were located between the stroma cells surrounding the germ cell cord ends, adjacent to the first formed primordial follicles, typically situated near blood vessels. ER alpha and ER beta receptor positive cells could be detected in the same regions by means of immunohistochemistry. Intercellular bridges linked the germ cells nests oogonia. Germ cell cords consisted of centrally located, large, pale oogonia, surrounded by elongated somatic cells with very long cytoplasm extensions. Primordial follicles with flat pale follicular cells could be observed on the inner end of the cords. Extrusions of the outer nuclear membrane could often been recognised in voluminous oocytes.     

Ecological Environment Protection in Chinese Rural Hydropower Development Practices: A Review

This paper reviews the ecological environment protection measures of Chinese rural hydropower development schemes. China??s rapid economic growth is making great energy demands and developing rural hydropower currently provides 30.4?GW annually. There is a conflict of interest between hydropower development and ecological and environmental protection. Potential problems include changes in hydrological condition, eutrophication, downstream nutrient reduction, sediment deposition, aquatic ecosystem alteration, and ecological water demand variation. Since most of the rural hydropower resources are located in ecologically fragile regions, it is significantly more important that ecological environment protection is being considered. As exploitation of rural hydropower has developed in China, ecological environment protection schemes had to adapt to changing boundary conditions. Due to improvements in environmental protection management, various environmental impact assessment methods have been applied including fuzzy analysis hierarchy process, ecological scheduling, pressure-state-response, and ecological environment evaluation index. The latter index can both qualitatively and quantitatively analyze ecological environment impacts and has become the most frequently used tool in the evaluation of rural hydropower exploitation. To rebalance the interests regarding energy generation and environmental protection, countermeasures originating from different aspects such as engineering design optimization, management improvement, and ecological restoration were recommended to promote ecological environment protection. The review concludes that by taking ecological environment protection into consideration in the whole rural hydropower plan, adopting ecological scheduling to guarantee river ecological water demand and implementing ecological restoration in watershed management are the most effective approaches in furthering sustainable development of rural hydropower.     

Synthesis of gluten-forming polypeptides. 1. Biosynthesis of gliadins and glutenin subunits

Five winter wheat cultivars--GK Othalom (HMW-GS composition 2*, 7+8, 5+10), Ukrainka (1, 7+8, 5+10), Palotás (2*, 7+9, 5+10), K?dm?n (2*, 7+8, 5+10), and Csongrád (2*, 7+9, 2+12)--grown in Hungary and harvested in the year 2005 were studied. The biosynthesis of gluten-forming polypeptides was followed starting at the 12th day after anthesis to the 53rd. Fresh kernel weight, moisture, and dry matter content of fresh kernels and gliadin and glutenin contents were determined. Gliadin components, total amounts of HMW and LMW polypeptides, and individual HMW polypeptides were determined using a RP-HPLC technique. Although considerable quantitative differences were observed concerning the content of total protein, gliadin, glutenin, and individual gluten-forming polypeptides, the character of accumulation of protein components--determined on the basis protein mass/kernel--was the same for the all of the cultivars studied and could be presented by a sigmoid curve. Small quantities of the gliadin and glutenin monomers may be detected in early stages of kernel development, but the bulk of these proteins is synthesized in later stages of development. It is generally suggested by specialists that the formation and accumulation of glutenin polymers starts later than the synthesis of monomers. Experimental data presented in this paper confirm this suggestion and show that in the first phase of protein synthesis the monomers are in "free" form; polymeric glutenin is detected only later. HMW glutenin subunits are synthesized synchronously, and quantitatively the polypeptides coded by chromosomes D and B dominate.     

Erfassung der Bodenentwicklung in Hochflutlehmen des Niederrheins mit Hilfe multipler Korrelations-, Regressions- und Clusteranalysen

Demonstration of the soil development in high flood loam of the Lower Rhine using multiple correlations, regressions and cluster analysis Several characteristics have been examined for 26 soils on high flood loam aged from 500 to 12000 years. Main results of discovered relations between duration of development and degree of characteristics are: Using multiple regression analysis continuous soil development could be stated and quantified. Square regression is better than a linear one. Employing regression being determined among some characteristics and age by means of absolutely dated soils, age of other soils in the same region can be estimated. With cluster analysis it is possible to demonstrate soil development from late pleistocene to youngest holocene too, but the relationship in ages is relative.     

Aleuronschichten und Aminosäuregehalt bei der Gerste

Zusammenfassung Die Anzahl und die Ausdehnung der Aleuronschichten können als relativ konstantes Sortenmerkmal angesehen werden. Der Rohproteingehalt und der prozentuale Anteil der Aminosäuren sind nicht mit der Dicke der Aleuronschichten korreliert.

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Aleuron layers and content of amino-acids in barley

Summary The number and the extension of aleuron layers can be reputed as a relative constant character of varieties. The content of gross proteins and the quantitative percentage of amino-acids are not correlated with the thickness of aleuron layers.

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Die Chloroplastenstrukturen der Mutantechloronerva vonLycopersicon esculentum Mill. im Mutantenstatus und nach Normalisierung mit Nicotianamin

Zusammenfassung Die Nicotianamin-Mangelmutantechloronerva vonLycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonner Beste ist durch eine ausgeprägte Intercostalchlorose der jüngeren Blätter gekennzeichnet. Die Chloroplasten der chlorotischen Blattareale zeigen im elektronenoptischen Bild stark reduzierte Thylakoidmembranen. Exogene Nicotianamin-Versorgung führt zur Ergrünung und zur Ausbildung normaler Thylakoid- und Granastrukturen. Die Chloroplasten grüner Blattbezirke nahe der Leitgefäße chlorotischer Blätter weisen eine weitgehend normale Struktur der Thylakoid- und Granamembranen auf. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden als eine Verzögerung der Chloroplastenentwicklung bei Nicotianaminmangel diskutiert, die nicht auf einen speziellen Chloroplastendefekt zurückzuführen ist.

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Chloroplast structures of the mutantchloronerva (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the mutant state and after normalization with nicotianamine

Summary The nicotianamine-deficient mutantchloronerva fromLycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonner Beste is characterized by a chlorosis of intercostal areas of young leaves. Chloroplasts from chlorotic regions show severely reduced thylakoid structures. Application of nicotianamine leads to a re-greening of chlorotic areas and to the development of regular thylakoid- and grana structures. Mutant chloroplasts from green areas of chlorotic leaves exhibit almost normal chloroplast structures. The results are discussed as a retarded development of chloroplasts in the nicotianamine-less mutant.

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chloronerva Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

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Teil 24 der Serie Der Normalisierungsfaktor für die Tomatenmutantechloronerva. 23. Mitt.:H. Ripperger, J. prakt. Chemie (im Druck)     

Biochemical mutants in higher plants as tools for chemical and physiological investigations — A survey

Summary A report is given on biochemical mutants in higher plants with emphasis on metabolic mutants. Since the discovery of thiamine-defective mutants inArabidopsis thaliana andLycopersicon esculentum some other mutants in different species became available. The first higher plant with an absolute requirement for an amino acid is a proline-deficient mutant inZea mays. Inchloronerva ofLycopersicon esculentum synthesis of nicotianamine is blocked. This is the first instance where a hitherto unknown function is attributed to an already known compound by work with a mutant of higher plants. Nicotianamine is distributed throughout all vascular plants and appears to be linked with short-distance iron transport. The wilty mutantflacca inL. esculentum lacks abscisic acid with some consequences to different parts of metabolism. In the same species the mutant T 3238btl/btl, fer/fer carries two separate, independent mutations which affect the transport of boron and iron, respectively. Selection for chlorate resistance led to the discovery of mutants with impaired nitrate reductase activity and nitrate uptake inArabidopsis thaliana and in consequence added new information to our knowledge of the regulation of nitrate assimilation. Other mutants of similar kind were detected inNicotiana tabacum andHordeum vulgare. Mutants with defects in the photosynthetic system were discovered inZea mays andHordeum vulgare. Plastome mutants inOenothera revealed a lack of ribulose-1,5-biphosphate carboxylase activity and showed interference between the genetic system of the plastids and that of the nucleus.The search for new mutations should be continued by different techniques, whereby the chance to find auxotrophic mutants by grafts should not be overlooked.

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Biochemische Mutanten höherer Pflanzen als Objekte für chemische und physiologische Untersuchungen. Eine Übersicht

Zusammenfassung Es wird über biochemische Mutanten höherer Pflanzen unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Stoffwechsel-Mutanten berichtet. Seit der Entdeckung von Thiamin-Mangelmutanten beiArabidopsis thaliana undLycopersicon esculentum sind einige andere Mutanten verschiedener Arten bekannt geworden. Die erste höhere Pflanze mit einem absoluten exogenen Aminosäure-Bedürfnis ist eine Prolin-Mangelmutante vonZea mays. Inchloronerva vonLycopersicon esculentum ist die Synthese von Nicotianamin blockiert. Dieses ist der erste Fall, bei dem durch Untersuchungen an der Mutante einer höheren Pflanze Aufschluß über die Funktion einer bereits bekannten, hinsichtlich ihrer biochemischen Rolle aber noch unerforschten Verbindung gewonnen werden konnte. Nicotianamin ist wahrscheinlich in allen Gefäßpflanzen vorhanden und steht dort mit dem Eisen-Nahtransport in Beziehung. Die Welke-Mutanteflacca vonL. esculentum produziert keine Abscisinsäure, was Auswirkungen auf verschiedene Richtungen des Stoffwechsels hat. In der gleichen Species trägt die Mutante T 3238btl/btl, fer/fer gleichzeitig zwei verschiedene, voneinander unabhängige Mutationen, die den Bor- bzw. den Eisentransport betreffen. Selektion auf Chlorat-Resistenz führte beiArabidopsis thaliana zur Entdeckung von Mutanten mit blockierter Nitratreduktase-Aktivität und verminderter Nitrataufnahme. Untersuchungen mit diesen Formen erbrachten neue Vorstellungen über die Regulation der Nitratassimilation. Ähnliche Mutanten wurden auch beiNicotiana tabacum undHordeum vulgare gefunden. Mutanten mit defektem Photosynthese-System sind beiZea mays undHordeum vulgare bekannt. Eine Plastom-Mutante vonOenothera zeigt einen Synthese-Block im Hinblick auf Ribulose-1,5-biphosphat-Carboxylase, der sich auf beide Untereinheiten auswirkt, so daß Wechselwirkungen zwischen dem genetischen System der Piastiden und dem des Kernes angenommen werden müssen.

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