Die Chloroplastenstrukturen der Mutantechloronerva vonLycopersicon esculentum Mill. im Mutantenstatus und nach Normalisierung mit Nicotianamin

Zusammenfassung Die Nicotianamin-Mangelmutantechloronerva vonLycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonner Beste ist durch eine ausgeprägte Intercostalchlorose der jüngeren Blätter gekennzeichnet. Die Chloroplasten der chlorotischen Blattareale zeigen im elektronenoptischen Bild stark reduzierte Thylakoidmembranen. Exogene Nicotianamin-Versorgung führt zur Ergrünung und zur Ausbildung normaler Thylakoid- und Granastrukturen. Die Chloroplasten grüner Blattbezirke nahe der Leitgefäße chlorotischer Blätter weisen eine weitgehend normale Struktur der Thylakoid- und Granamembranen auf. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse werden als eine Verzögerung der Chloroplastenentwicklung bei Nicotianaminmangel diskutiert, die nicht auf einen speziellen Chloroplastendefekt zurückzuführen ist.

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Chloroplast structures of the mutantchloronerva (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) in the mutant state and after normalization with nicotianamine

Summary The nicotianamine-deficient mutantchloronerva fromLycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Bonner Beste is characterized by a chlorosis of intercostal areas of young leaves. Chloroplasts from chlorotic regions show severely reduced thylakoid structures. Application of nicotianamine leads to a re-greening of chlorotic areas and to the development of regular thylakoid- and grana structures. Mutant chloroplasts from green areas of chlorotic leaves exhibit almost normal chloroplast structures. The results are discussed as a retarded development of chloroplasts in the nicotianamine-less mutant.

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chloronerva Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.

chloronerva Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. . , , . . , , . , , .

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Teil 24 der Serie Der Normalisierungsfaktor für die Tomatenmutantechloronerva. 23. Mitt.:H. Ripperger, J. prakt. Chemie (im Druck)     

Soil erosion from sugar beet in Central Europe in response to climate change induced seasonal precipitation variations

This study estimates the implications of projected seasonal variations in rainfall quantities caused by climate change for water erosion rates by means of a modeling case study on sugar beet cultivation in the Central European region of Upper-Austria. A modified version of the revised Morgan–Morgan–Finney erosion model was used to assess soil losses in one conventional and three conservation tillage systems. The model was employed to a climatic reference scenario (1960–89) and a climate change scenario (2070–99). Data on precipitation changes for the 2070–99 scenario were based on the IPCC SRES A2 emission scenario as simulated by the regional climate model HadRM3H. Weather data in daily time-steps, for both scenarios, were generated by the stochastic weather generator LARS WG 3.0. The HadRM3H climate change simulation did not show any significant differences in annual precipitation totals, but strong seasonal shifts of rainfall amounts between 10 and 14% were apparent. This intra-annual precipitation change resulted in a net-decrease of rainfall amounts in erosion sensitive months and an overall increase of rainfall in a period, in which the considered agricultural area proved to be less prone to erosion. The predicted annual average soil losses under climate change declined in all tillage systems by 11 to 24%, which is inside the margins of uncertainty typically attached to climate change impact studies. Annual soil erosion rates in the conventional tillage system exceeded 10 t ha^− 1 a^− 1 in both climate scenarios. Compared to these unsustainably high soil losses the conservation tillage systems show reduced soil erosion rates by between 49 and 87%. The study highlights the importance of seasonal changes in climatic parameters for the discussion about the impacts of global climate change on future soil erosion rates in Central Europe. The results also indicate the high potential of adaptive land-use management for climate change response strategies in the agricultural sector.     

Efforts Toward Improving Maize Yields on Smallholder Farms in Uasin Gishu County,Kenya, through Site-specific,Soil-testing-based Fertiliser Recommendations: A Transdisciplinary Approach

This study evaluated the effects of site-specific, soil-testing-based fertiliser recommendations on maize yields using the transdisciplinary (TD) process. The TD process utilizes knowledge from science and practice. Farmers, extension officers, local financial institutions, and other practitioners collaborated with local scientists from the University of Eldoret in the process of financing, purchasing, and applying fertilisers in adequate amounts and composition. A total of 144 farmers participated in the study, which lasted for two seasons. The data sampling was based on a randomized 2?×?3?×?4?×?2 factorial complete block design, including the following factors: TD (non-participation vs participation in the TD process); ST (soil testing in the following categories: fertiliser application with no soil testing, fertiliser application following government recommendations, and application of site-specific, soil-testing-based fertiliser recommendations), and location (Kapyemit, Kipsomba, Ng’enyilel, and Ziwa). The “no soil testing” (ST₁) category refers to farmers’ own practices at an average fertilisation of about 60?kg?N?ha^?1 and 15?kg?P?ha^?1. The government recommendation (ST₂) calls for 75?kg?N?ha^?1, 25?kg?P?ha^?1, and 6?t?ha^?1 manure, and site-specific fertiliser recommendations (ST₃) were based on actual soil-testing results; generally, this resulted in the recommendation of 90?kg?N?ha^?1, 30?kg?P?ha^?1, 25 kg K ha^?1, 2?t?ha^?1 lime, and 1?t?ha^?1 manure. Highly significant effects were seen where farmers participated in the TD process (TD) for soil testing (ST). The farmers’ yields in Uasin Gishu County of 4.5?t?ha^?1 increased by approximately 1.5?t?ha^?1 based on site-specific, soil-testing fertilisation recommendations and by approximately 1.0?t?ha^?1 based on participation in the transdisciplinary process. However, as indicated by a significant interaction of the variables ST and TD—and while there is a significant main effect of participating in a TD process—the latter increase occurs only if site-specific, soil-testing-based recommendations can be used in the transdisciplinary process with farmers.     

Chemical,anatomical and technological properties of Snakewood [<Emphasis Type="Italic">Brosimum guianense</Emphasis> (Aubl.) Huber]

The very decorative heartwood of Brosimum guianense is internationally well known. Snakewood, as it is colloquially known, is represented in wood databases (e.g. the DELTA or InsideWood) as well as in lists of commercial timbers of many timber trading companies. The very decorative heartwood is hardly available and gains prices of up to 25 €/kg in form of half stems. In the present study, the chemical composition and especially the subcellular cell structure was analysed by means of UV microspectrophotometry to explain the high natural durability and some extraordinary physical properties in addition to the anatomical composition. The heartwood consists of approximately 39% lignin, 54% carbohydrates and 0.4% lipophilic compounds of unspecified origin. The fibres are very thick-walled. Numerous sclerotic tyloses and organic deposits are present in the vessel. The extractives in high content are also components of parenchyma cells as well as in tyloses, respectively. These detected phenolic extractives, partly of flavonoid character, are also part of the cell wall. Calcium oxalate crystals are deposited in the upright and square cells of rays and sporadically in axial parenchyma cells. These facts are reasons for the famous natural durability of Snakewood. The sapwood density ranges from 1.1 to 1.4 g/cm³ for heartwood (12% mc). The compression strength (119 N/mm²), the bending strength (241 N/mm²), the modulus of elasticity (23,200 N/mm²) and the hardness (196 N/mm²) indicate exceedingly high elastomechanical properties.     

Die Gaterslebener Mutanten der Saatgerste in Beziehung zur Formenmannigfaltigkeit der ArtHordeum vulgare L. s. l. I

Zusammenfassung Es werden 75 röntgeninduzierte Mutanten der Sommergerstensorten Donaria und Haisa morphologisch beschrieben. Sie werden unter der Rangstufe Linie (auf dem gleichen Rang wie die Sorte), zusammengefaßt nach Hauptmerkmalen, in das morphologische System eingeordnet. 71 dieser Mutantenlinien konnten 17 verschiedenen Varietäten (4 Convarietäten) zugeordnet werden. Zwei dieser Varietäten (var.calcaratum, p. 144; var.heteroglumatum p. 152) stellen neue Merkmalskombinationen dar und werden beschrieben. Bei den restlichen 4 Mutantenlinien stieß die Einordnung auf Schwierigkeiten, ihre Stellung bleibt vorläufig offen.     

Caryophyllidean tapeworms (Platyhelminthes: Eucestoda) from freshwater fishes in Japan

The following caryophyllidean tapeworms were found in freshwater fishes from Japan (species reported from Japan for the first time marked with an asterisk): family Caryophyllaeidae: Paracaryophyllaeus gotoi (Motomura, 1927) from Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor); Archigetes sieboldi Leuckart, 1878 from Pseudorasbora parva (Temminck et Schlegel) and Sarcocheilichthys variegatus microoculus Mori (new hosts); family Lytocestidae: *Caryophyllaeides ergensi Scholz, 1990 from Tribolodon hakuensis (Günther), T. ezoe Okada et Ikeda, Hemibarbus barbus (Temminck et Schlegel) and Chaenogobius sp. (new hosts); Khawia japonensis (Yamaguti, 1934) from Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus; K. sinensis Hsü, 1935 from H. barbus (new host) and C. carpio; *K. parva (Zmeev, 1936) from Carassius auratus langsdorfii Valenciennes in Cuvier et Valenciennes and Carassius sp. (new hosts); and *Atractolytocestus sagittatus (Kulakovskaya et Akhmerov, 1962) from C. carpio; family Capingentidae: *Breviscolex orientalis Kulakovskaya, 1962 from H. barbus (new host); and Caryophyllidea gen. sp. (probably Breviscolex orientalis) from C. carpio. The validity of C. ergensi, originally described from Leuciscus leuciscus baicalensis from Mongolia, is confirmed on the basis of an evaluation of extensive material from Japan. Atractolytocestus sagittatus (syn. Markevitschia sagittata) is tentatively considered a valid species, differing from the only congener, A. huronensis Anthony, 1958, in its considerably greater number of testes.     

Versuche zur Normalisierung des Phänotyps der Mutantechloronerva vonLycopersicon esculentum Mill

Zusammenfassung Die Mutantechloronerva vonL. esculentum Mill. (Sorte Bonner Beste) zeichnet sich durch eine Chlorophyllschädigung aus, die sich mit Bildung des ersten oder zweiten Folgeblattes manifestiert. Die Interkostalfelder der Blattfiedern sind gelblich-weiß bis weiß, während die unmittelbare Umgebung der Nervatur Chlorophyll führt. Die Wurzelbildung ist sehr stark gehemmt. Die Ausbildung reproduktiver Organe unterbleibt.Durch Pfropfung auf +/+-Unterlagen oder durch Aufpfropfen eines +/+-Reises kann die Mutantechloronerva zum Phänotyp des Wildtyps modifiziert werden. Die normalisierten Pfropfkomponenten bilden völlig normal Blüten und Früchte. Diese Normalisierung ist reversibel, in späteren Entwicklungsphasen gepfropfterchln-Pflanzen manifestiert sich die Chlorophyllschädigung erneut. Die durch die Pfropfung induzierte Veränderung wird nicht auf die Nachkommen der Pfropfpartner übertragen.Eine partielle, reversible Normalisierung kann auch durch Infiltration von Extrakten aus +/+-Pflanzenteilen hervorgerufen werden.

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Summary The mutantchloronerva ofLycopersicon esculentum Mill. (Bonner Beste) is characterized by a chlorophyll defect, which appears during the formation of the first or second secondary leaves. The intercostal areas of the leaves are yellow-white or white, while the surroundings of the veins show quite a normal chlorophyll content. The root-development is strongly inhibited, formation of reproductive organs ceases completely.The mutantchloronerva is modified in the direction of the phenotype of the original wildtype by grafting using the mutant as stock or scion, respectively. The normalized graft component forms flowers and fruits in the normal way. This normalization is reversible, the chlorophyll defect appearing again during later stages of plant growth. Variations induced by grafting are not transferred to the following generations. A partial, reversible normalization is also produced by infiltrating extracts from +/+-plants into the shoot of the mutant.

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chloronerva ( :Lycopersicon esculentum, ) , , . , . ; . chloronerva (). . ; , . , , . , .

     

Distribution of glutathione peroxidase activity and selenium in the blood of dairy cows.

The distribution of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity and selenium concentrations among several components in the blood of dairy cows was examined. Approximately 98% of the GSH-Px activity in peripheral blood was associated with the erythrocytes when enzyme activity was expressed as units per milliliter of blood. The GSH-Px activity expressed per cell was approximately fourfold greater for peripheral leukocytes than for erythrocytes. The cellular component contained a greater proportion (approx 73%) of whole blood selenium than did the plasma. A positive linear relationship (r = 0.958) between blood GSH-Px activity and blood selenium concentrations was found in dairy cattle under practical field conditions.