Adrenergic and peptidergic innervation of the trachealis muscle in the normal horse: a preliminary report

The tone of respiratory smooth muscle is largely determined by the input from autonomic nerves. The distribution of adrenergic and selected nonadrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC) nerves in the normal equine trachealis muscle was investigated using immunohistochemistry. The smooth muscle of the trachealis was found to contain numerous nerves immunoreactive for an enzymatic marker of adrenergic nerves, as well as many nerves immunoreactive for a putative NANC neurotransmitter, peptide histidine isoleucine, a potent bronchodilator. The tissues surrounding the respiratory smooth muscle contained numerous nerves immunoreactive for the neuropeptides substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, which can cause marked vasodilation and bronchoconstriction. The complex innervation of the equine trachea should be kept in mind when interpreting the results of physiological experiments.     

Recovery threshold of Toxocara canis eggs from soil

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the threshold of Toxocara canis eggs form soil samples through utilisation of a centrifuge-flotation technique (CFT). Aliquots of soil (1 g each) were artificially contaminated with known numbers of T. canis eggs (1, 10, 25, 50, 100, and 200 eggs). The threshold was evaluated based on a CFT using zinc sulphate (Zn₂SO₄) and sodium nitrate (Na₂NO₃) solutions at a specific gravity of 1.20. The number of eggs recovered was directly proportional to the number of eggs employed to seed the soil. Both solutions enabled full recovery of samples containing merely three eggs; only Zn₂SO₄ demonstrated efficiency in soil contaminated with a single egg. A recovery rate of 100% was obtained for all tests with samples containing 10 and 25 eggs for Zn₂SO₄ and Na₂NO₃, respectively_. There was no difference in the mean number of recovered eggs regarding either the efficacy of the solutions or the repetition of evaluations in the same trial (p > 0.05). Therefore, the CFT is efficient for the detection of Toxocara eggs, even in samples containing low egg numbers.     

Rumen-protected choline administration to transition cows: effects on milk production and vitamin E status

We investigated the influence of rumen-protected choline (RPC) supplementation on milk production, lipid metabolism and vitamin E status in dairy cows receiving a silage-based diet. Twenty-six Italian Holstein multiparous cows were assigned by weight and average production in the previous lactation, to one of two groups: control (no RPC supplementation) and RPC (supplemented with 20 g/day rumen-protected choline chloride). Treatment began 14 days before expected calving and continued for 30 days after parturition. Choline administration significantly increased milk production during the first month of lactation and also the concentration (and total secretion) of choline in milk, but did not affect fat or protein concentrations in milk, or plasma levels of glucose, beta-hydroxybutyrate, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). However, around parturition, NEFA concentrations in plasma were lower in treated animals than in controls, suggesting improved lipid metabolism as a result of choline supplementation. Choline supplementation also increased alpha-tocopherol plasma concentrations, suggesting a novel aspect in dairy cows.     

Meal size and starch content affect gastric emptying in horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Feeding practices have been associated with colic in horses. If meal size and composition have an effect on gastric emptying, this could be one of the mechanisms by which feeding practices are related to the occurrence of colic. OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of meal size and starch content on solid phase gastric emptying. METHODS: Solid phase gastric emptying of 3 different radiolabelled meals, small low-starch (SmLS), small high-starch (SmHS) and large high-starch (LgHS) meals, was measured in 5 horses by scintigraphy using 99mTc-disofenin. Data were compared among meals using nonlinear mixed-effects models and paired t tests. RESULTS: On a percentage basis, SmHS emptied significantly faster than LgHS and SmLS emptied significantly faster than SmHS meals. However, when meals of unequal size were compared by emptying rate in g/min and Kcal/min, LgHS emptied significantly faster than SmHS. CONCLUSIONS: Meal size and composition affect gastric emptying. POTENTIAL RELEVANCE: Further work needs to be performed in order to substantiate the possibility of a relationship between digestive functions and occurrence of colic and gastric ulcers.     

High intensity exercise conditioning increases accumulated oxygen deficit of horses

High intensity exercise is associated with production of energy by both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism. Conditioning by repeated exercise increases the maximal rate of aerobic metabolism, aerobic capacity, of horses, but whether the maximal amount of energy provided by anaerobic metabolism, anaerobic capacity, can be increased by conditioning of horses is unknown. We, therefore, examined the effects of 10 weeks of regular (4-5 days/week) high intensity (92+/-3 % VO2max) exercise on accumulated oxygen deficit of 8 Standardbred horses that had been confined to box stalls for 12 weeks. Exercise conditioning resulted in increases of 17% in VO2max (P<0.001), 11% in the speed at which VO2max was achieved (P = 0.019) and 9% in the speed at 115% of VO2max (P = 0.003). During a high speed exercise test at 115% VO2max, sprint duration was 25% longer (P = 0.047), oxygen demand was 36% greater (P<0.001), oxygen consumption was 38% greater (P<0.001) and accumulated oxygen deficit was 27% higher (P = 0.040) than values before conditioning. VLa4 was 33% higher (P<0.05) after conditioning. There was no effect of conditioning on blood lactate concentration at the speed producing VO2max or at the end of the high speed exercise test. The rate of increase in muscle lactate concentration was greater (P = 0.006) in horses before conditioning. Muscle glycogen concentrations before exercise were 17% higher (P<0.05) after conditioning. Exercise resulted in nearly identical (P = 0.938) reductions in muscle glycogen concentrations before and after conditioning. There was no detectable effect of conditioning on muscle buffering capacity. These results are consistent with a conditioning-induced increase in both aerobic and anaerobic capacity of horses demonstrating that anaerobic capacity of horses can be increased by an appropriate conditioning programme that includes regular, high intensity exercise. Furthermore, increases in anaerobic capacity are not reflected in blood lactate concentrations measured during intense, exhaustive exercise or during recovery from such exercise.     

A molecular approach for identification of paramphistomes from Africa and Asia

Paramphistomiasis is a disease of domestic and wild ruminants caused by some digenetic trematodes of the superfamily Paramphistomoidea. Human infections with certain species of paramphistomes have been reported. Given their ubiquity and their abundance within hosts, it seems likely that the importance of these worms is underestimated globally. Based on the reported difficulties of morphological identification of paramphistomes, the development of alternative approaches to better delineate species is needed. Paramphistome samples examined during this study were cercariae, rediae from snail hosts and adult flukes obtained from slaughterhouses from Kenya, Tanzania, Egypt and Nepal. The results confirm that ITS2 is a good molecular marker for paramphistome identification and can be used to determine the affiliation of samples among the different taxa of Paramphistomoidea. Our 22 samples include eight species of paramphistomes. Ten samples of paramphistome larvae (cercariae or rediae) yielded seven species and the 12 samples of adult flukes from bovines yielded four, only one of which was not also represented among the larvae. We found three cases in which the sequences for adult worms and larvae matched, thus revealing the hosts involved locally in those particular life cycles. We interpret our specimens to include five species from Kenya, two from Nepal, two from Tanzania and one from Egypt. Bulinus forskalii was found infected with three species of paramphistomes. The results of the present study will help construct a framework to facilitate identification and eventually control of this underestimated cosmopolitan group of digeneans.     

Prevalence and risk factors for Salmonella spp. contamination in French broiler-chicken flocks at the end of the rearing period

A nation-wide survey was carried out in 370 randomly chosen French commercial broiler chicken flocks from October 2005 to September 2006 to determine Salmonella spp. prevalence and to identify risk factors for contamination, at the end of the rearing period. The Salmonella status of the flocks was assessed from five faecal samples (litter swabs) analysed by classical bacteriological methods. A flock with at least one contaminated sample was classified as a Salmonella-positive flock. The apparent prevalence of Salmonella was 8.6% (95% CI: 5.7, 11.5%). The most prevalent serovar was S. hadar followed by S. anatum and S. mbandaka. Logistic regression methods were used to analyse the associations between husbandry practices, farm characteristics, general hygiene and the Salmonella status of the sample. The risk for Salmonella contamination of the flock at the end of the rearing period increased when neighbours helped in the placement of day-old chicks. On the contrary, the risk decreased when mobile equipment was dismantled before cleaning and disinfection, when the farm had a specific container for dead-bird disposal and when acetic acid was added to the drinking water.     

Evaluation of an arthroscopic approach for transection of the equine collateral sesamoidean ligament

Objective: To evaluate: (1) an arthroscopic technique for transection of the collateral sesamoidean ligament (CSL); and (2) the healing response using magnetic resonance (MR) and microscopic examination. Study Design: Experimental study. Animals: Adult horses (n=6). Methods: Six sound horses with normal front foot radiographic and MR examinations were used. Lameness examination was performed before surgery and monthly for 12 months. Front foot radiography was performed at 180 and 360 days after surgery. Front foot MR was performed before, and at 7, 90, 180, and 360 days after surgery. Arthroscopic CSL desmotomy was performed on 1 forelimb. Gross and microscopic examination was performed on the CSL from both forelimbs at 360 days after surgery. Lameness scores were compared over time using the nonparametric Friedman's test for paired groups. CSL measurements were compared using paired t‐tests with a 2‐tailed significance level of P<.05. Results: Radiographs remained normal throughout study period. Surgery resulted in lameness on the operated limb for up to 2 months, after which all horses returned to soundness. CSL transection was confirmed during arthroscopy and with MR examination 7 days after surgery. Gross and microscopic evaluation confirmed ligament healing. Conclusions: CSL desmotomy resulted in short‐term lameness after surgery followed by healing of the CSL confirmed by gross and microscopic analysis.     

Emesis in dogs: a review

Emesis is a common presenting sign in small animal practice. It requires a rational approach to management that is based upon a sound understanding of pathophysiology combined with logical decision making. This review, which assesses the weight of available evidence, outlines the physiology of the vomiting reflex, causes of emesis, the consequences of emesis and the approach to clinical management of the vomiting dog. The applicability of diagnostic testing modalities and the merit of traditional approaches to management, such as dietary changes, are discussed. The role and usefulness of both traditional and novel anti-emetic drugs is examined, including in specific circumstances such as following cytotoxic drug treatment. The review also examines areas in which common clinical practice is not necessarily supported by objective evidence and, as such, highlights questions worthy of further clinical research.     

A direct method for fatty acid methyl ester synthesis: application to wet meat tissues, oils, and feedstuffs

A simplified protocol to obtain fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) directly from fresh tissue, oils, or feedstuffs, without prior organic solvent extraction, is presented. With this protocol, FAME synthesis is conducted in the presence of up to 33% water. Wet tissues, or other samples, are permeabilized and hydrolyzed for 1.5 h at 55 degrees C in 1 N KOH in MeOH containing C13:0 as the internal standard. The KOH is neutralized, and the FFA are methylated by H(2)SO(4) catalysis for 1.5 h at 55 degrees C. Hexane is then added to the reaction tube, which is vortex-mixed and centrifuged. The hexane is pipetted into a gas chromatography vial for subsequent gas chromatography. All reactions are conducted in a single screw-cap Pyrex tube for convenience. The method meets many criteria for fatty acid analysis, including not isomerizing CLA or introducing fatty acid artifacts. It is applicable to fresh, frozen, or lyophilized tissue samples, in addition to oils, waxes, and feedstuffs. The method saves time and effort and is economical when compared with other methods. Its unique performance, including easy sample preparation, is achieved because water is included rather than eliminated in the FAME reaction mixtures.