孟加拉羯布罗香(Dipterocarpus turbinatus Gaertn.F)外生侵染菌根的水平分布(英文)

本文论述了孟加拉国吉大港大学校园里,不同年龄(5、10、20年)的羯布罗香(DipterocarpusturbinatusGaertn.F)人工林内,距树木基部不同距离(1、2、3、4米)处,外生侵染菌根的水平分布状况。在山的3个部位(顶部、中部和下部)对各人工林外生侵染菌根的侵染进行了测定。在不同水平分布距离处的树下采集了1000cm3的根际土壤样本,不同距离和山高处的外生侵染菌根浸染率差异显著。在5年和10年林龄的人工林内,浸染率随着距树的距离的增加而快速下降,而在20年林龄的人工林内,浸染率随着距树基部距离的增加而急剧增加。山下部20年生人工林内距树4m处的浸染率最高(81.3%),山顶部5年生人工林内距树4m处的浸染率最低(55.33%)。     

Genotypic variability in plant water status of French bean under drought stress

Seven genotypes of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were evaluated under semi-controlled conditions at the Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University, Bangladesh to analyze genotypic variability in leaf water status under water stress. The plants were grown under two moisture regimes, viz. 80% field capacity (FC) and 50% FC throughout the growing season. The genotypes showed significant variation in water relation traits. Genotypes BB24 and BB43 maintained higher relative water content (RWC), but lower turgid weight/dry weight ratio (TW/DW) and water uptake capacity (WUC). When drought susceptibility index (DSI) among the genotypes was considered, BB24 was found the most tolerant to drought and BB04 was the most susceptible one. A close positive relationship between leaf TW/DW and DSI under drought was recorded (R ² = 0.627). Leaf TW/DW was decreased considerably due to water stress by 10% in genotype BB24 followed by BB43 (13%), and both BARI bushbean-2 and BB04 (19%). Stomatal aperture and whole plant transpiration rate were found minimal in the BB24 and BB43 compared to that of BB04 and BARI bushbean-2. Considering these water relation traits, genotypes BB24 and BB43 may be considered as relatively tolerant to tissue dehydration. The study also revealed that the TW/DW, WUC, stomatal aperture, and whole plant transpiration rate was negatively and significantly associated with yield; however, the RWC was positively correlated with yield under water stress conditions.     

Distribution of neuronal structures immunoreactive for parvalbumin in the midcingulate cortex of the rabbit

The rabbit midcingulate cortex that enclosed four cortical areas was immunohistochemically studied using a calcium-binding protein, parvalbumin, as a neurochemical marker. The distribution of parvalbumin-immunopositive somata and fibres was similar across all four areas, where they were present mainly in layers 2/3 and 5. However, there were a slightly greater number of the immunopositive structures in the two ventral areas than the two dorsal areas. Similarity in the distribution of parvalbumin-immunopositive structures across the four areas suggests that neurons expressing parvalbumin may be involved in similar functions across the constituent areas of the rabbit midcingulate cortex.     

Anti-Alzheimer’s Molecules Derived from Marine Life: Understanding Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Potential

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating neurodegenerative disease and the most common cause of dementia. It has been confirmed that the pathological processes that intervene in AD development are linked with oxidative damage to neurons, neuroinflammation, tau phosphorylation, amyloid beta (Aβ) aggregation, glutamate excitotoxicity, and cholinergic deficit. Still, there is no available therapy that can cure AD. Available therapies only manage some of the AD symptoms at the early stages of AD. Various studies have revealed that bioactive compounds derived from marine organisms and plants can exert neuroprotective activities with fewer adverse events, as compared with synthetic drugs. Furthermore, marine organisms have been identified as a source of novel compounds with therapeutic potential. Thus, there is a growing interest regarding bioactive compounds derived from marine sources that have anti-AD potentials. Various marine drugs including bryostatin-1, homotaurine, anabaseine and its derivative, rifampicins, anhydroexfoliamycin, undecylprodigioisin, gracilins, 13-desmethyl spirolide-C, and dictyostatin displayed excellent bioavailability and efficacy against AD. Most of these marine drugs were found to be well-tolerated in AD patients, along with no significant drug-associated adverse events. In this review, we focus on the drugs derived from marine life that can be useful in AD treatment and also summarize the therapeutic agents that are currently used to treat AD.     

Single nucleotide polymorphisms in candidate genes are significantly associated with resistance to Haemonchus contortus infection in goats

Background: Haemonchosis is a major economic problem in goat production in humid, tropical and subtropical regions. The disease is caused by an abomasal nematode, Haemonchus contortus, which is highly pathogenic in small ruminants. The aim of this study was to identifying single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP) that were associated with fecal egg counts(FEC) and could be used as markers to identify resistance to H. contortus in goats.Results: Ten novel variants in the CI TA, ATP2 A3, HSPA8, STAT5 B, ESYT1, and SERPING1 genes were associated with FEC in goats with a nominal significance level of P 0.05. Two missense mutation in the exon region of the caprine CI TA gene resulted in replacement of arginine with cysteine at position 9473550(R9473550 C) and aspartic acid with glutamic acid at position 9473870(D9473870 E). Chinese goat breeds had significantly higher FEC than Bangladeshi goat breeds within their respective genotypes. Polymorphism information content(PIC), effective al ele number(Ne), and heterozygosity(He)were greatest for the STAT5 B_197_A G SNP locus in al goat breeds. Pairwise coefficients of linkage disequilibrium(D′, r~2)revealed complete LD(r~2= 1) between significant SNP polymorphisms in CI TA and SERPING1 and strong LD(r~2= 0.93 and0.98) between polymorphisms in HSPA8 and ATP2 A3, respectively. Correlation coefficient(r) between FEC and body weight(BW) was significantly positive(r = 0.56***, P 0.001) but that between FEC and packed cel volume(PCV) was negatively significant(r =-0.47**, P 0.01) in the total population of goats. On the other hand, correlation coefficient(r)between BW and PCV was not significant in total population of goats. Association analysis revealed that haplotypes within ATP2 A3, HSPA8, and SERPING1 were significantly associated with FEC. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that the relative expression of m RNA was higher(P 0.001) for resistant, compared to susceptible, groups of goats for al candidate genes except CI TA.Conclusions: This study identified SNP markers that can potential y be used in marker-assisted selection programs to develop goat breeds that are resistant to H. contortus.     

SSR-based population structure,molecular diversity and identity cards of Ziziphus species from Pakistan and China

Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution - Research work on the genetic diversity within Pakistani and Chinese Ziziphus species is limited, and to date, no single report on the application of DNA...     

Collie eye anomaly in Hokkaido dogs: case study

Objective To describe a Hokkaido dog, one of the traditional Japanese breeds that was affected by Collie eye anomaly (CEA), and to report the genotype of this dog and the Hokkaido dog allelic frequency of the CEA‐associated mutation. Case A nine‐month‐old intact female Hokkaido dog without any obvious visual disturbance was diagnosed ophthalmoscopically with CEA. Severe choroidal hypoplasia was observed in the bilateral temporal area adjacent to the optic nerve head, appearing as whitish areas. Therefore, the dog was suspected of possessing the CEA‐associated mutation that was previously reported as an intronic 7.8‐kilo base deletion in the canine NHEJ1 gene. Procedures SYBR Green‐based real‐time PCR with a melting curve analysis, conventional PCR with agarose gel electrophoresis, and direct DNA sequencing were carried out to determine the genotype of the dog. Furthermore, a preliminary genotyping survey was carried out in 17 Hokkaido dogs from three kennels using the real‐time PCR method, and the pedigree relationships were analyzed using their pedigree papers. Results The Hokkaido dog affected by CEA was proven to possess the CEA‐associated mutation. Of these 17 Hokkaido dogs, 12 dogs were heterozygous carriers and five dogs were affected by this mutation. The preliminary genotyping survey and pedigree analysis demonstrated that the allelic frequency of the CEA‐associated mutation is very high in Hokkaido dogs. Conclusion These data suggest that the Hokkaido breed is highly susceptible to CEA because of the known CEA‐associated mutation much like the Collie‐related breeds.     

Expression dynamics of Toll-like receptors mRNA and cytokines in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated by bacterial lipopolysaccharide

The Toll-like receptor (TLR)4 is critical for the recognition of Gram-negative bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) but in porcine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) it may cooperate with other TLRs and lead to the production of inflammatory cytokines. Therefore, we analyzed TLR1-10 mRNA expression in porcine PBMCs stimulated with LPS over time (1-48 h) by using quantitative real-time PCR and cytokine proteins level by ELISA in culture supernatant. TLR1-10 mRNA was detectable in porcine PBMCs. When compared with the control (non-stimulated), TLR1 mRNA were increased (p<0.05) at 3 h after challenge with 1 μg/ml LPS, whereas TLR1 and TLR2 mRNA were increased (p<0.01) at 6 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml LPS. TLR4 increased (p<0.001) at 3h after challenge with LPS and remained constant. TLR5 and TLR6 mRNA increased (p<0.05) at 9 h and 1 h after of LPS stimulation, respectively. The mRNA of CD14 and MD2 were increased (p<0.001) at 1h after LPS stimulation. Additionally, at most of the time analyzed, the mRNA expression increased with the dose of LPS. The LPS concentration had influence (p<0.05) on all the TLRs expression except TLR10; whereas time had effect (p<0.05) on all TLRs expression except TLR2, 3, 6 and 10. When compared to the control, the cytokines IL1b, IL8 and TNFα proteins were increased (p<0.001) immediately at 1 h after LPS stimulation and remained constant till 48 h. IL12b was increased (p<0.001) 12 h after challenge with 10 μg/ml of LPS. Although IL8 level was the highest, the higher (p<0.05) expression of all these inflammatory cytokines indicate that upon interacting with TLRs, LPS exerted inflammatory response in PBMCs through the production of Th1 type cytokines. The production of cytokines was influenced (p<0.001) by both the dose of LPS and the stimulation time. Hence, the porcine PBMCs are likely able to express all members of TLRs.     

Neuropharmacological properties of Xylocarpus moluccensis

The methanolic extracts of the barks and pneumatophores of Xylocarpus moluccensis were assessed for their effects on the central nervous system (CNS) using a series of established pharmacological tests including pentobarbitone-induced sleeping time, open field, hole cross, hole-board and evasions tests in mice model. These extracts produced a dose-dependent reduction of the onset and duration of pentobarbitone-induced hypnosis, reduction of locomotor and exploratory activities in the open field, hole cross, head-dip and evasion tests. These results suggest that both the bark and pneumatophore extracts possess CNS depressant activity, the pneumatophore extract being more potent than the bark extract.