In vivo effects of adding singular or combined anti-oxidative vitamins and/or minerals to diets on the immune system of tilapia (Oreochromis hybrids) peripheral blood monocyte-derived, anterior kidney-derived, and spleen-derived macrophages

Macrophage function is an important factor for resistance to infection and anti-oxidative vitamins and minerals can affect how macrophages function in fish. We report the in vivo effect of adding singular or combined vitamins (A, C, and E) and/or minerals (Se, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe) in diets on the immune system of tilapia (Oreochromis hybrids) peripheral blood monocyte-derived, anterior kidney-derived, and spleen-derived macrophages. An optimal dose of vitamins and/or minerals in diets increased macrophage proliferation and protective activity, maintained macrophage viability, increased body weight and length, and increased lysozyme activity, however, at improper doses and combinations of vitamins or minerals a decrease was observed. Furthermore, vitamins and/or minerals at any doses and combinations in diets decreased superoxide and nitric oxide production. Therefore, appropriate doses and combinations of vitamins and/or minerals in diets may increase tilapia macrophages immunity.     

Purification and localization of nitric oxide synthases from hybrid tilapia (Nile tilapia x Mozambique tilapia)

The aims of this study were to purify and localize the nitric oxide synthases (NOSs) from hybrid tilapia (Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus x Mozambique tilapia O. mossambicus). The purification procedures involved affinity chromatography with a 2', 5'-ADP-agarose 4B column and ion exchange with a diethylaminoethanol Bio-Gel A column. The results from gel filtration assays showed that the molecular weights of neuronal NOS (nNOS) and inducible NOS (iNOS) were 178 and 120 kDa, respectively. The sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis results showed that there were three bands with molecular weights of 89, 47, and 29 kDa from the purified nNOS. However, only one band, with a molecular weight of 120 kDa, appeared on the gel from the purified iNOS. Hybrid tilapia nNOS was a dimer structure, while iNOS appeared to be a monomer structure. Moreover, our results revealed that the activities of nNOS and iNOS were significantly higher after the addition of Ca+2 or Mg+2 ions individually. However, when L-arginine and NADPH were present, the addition of 1 mM of either ion did not further increase the activity. The chemical L-N(G)-methyl-L-arginine could inhibit the activities of the purified NOSs with or without L-arginine. Western blot analyses showed only an 89-kDa immunoreactive band from the extracts of cerebrum; however, we did not find the specific bands in other tissues, such as gill, intestine, liver, spleen, and anterior kidney. We found another 120-kDa immunoreactive protein band with the rabbit antirat iNOS serum against iNOS from the extracts of anterior kidney and spleen. The results of immunohistochemistry with the rabbit antihuman nNOS serum indicated that the nNOS existed in the cerebellum, olfactory bulb, diencephalons, and nerve cell bodies and neuronal fibers of the spinal cord. Interestingly, only macrophages from anterior kidney and spleen showed positive reactions with the rabbit antirat iNOS serum. In the same way, the endothelial NOS (eNOS) located in the heart and epithelial cells of the blood vessels reacted positively with the rabbit antibovine eNOS serum.     

板栗嫩枝扦插繁殖技术研究

１９９２～１９９５年共扦插１．６万株板栗插条,成苗率由１９９２年的２６％上升到１９９５年的９６．６％。试验从插条的选择、环境的控制、生根剂的选配和不同扦插时期进行了较全面的探索,现将试验结果分述如下。１材料与方法１．１试验地概况试验地设在江苏省溧阳市...     

四种检测猪的繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒血清抗体方法的比较

本试验利用猪的繁殖与呼吸综合征病毒美洲株和上海分离株 Ｓ Ｈ１ 建立了 Ｉ Ｆ、 Ｉ Ｐ Ｍ Ａ 和 Ｄｏｔ － Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ三种抗体检测方法, 对１２０ 份随机抽样猪血清检测表明, 美洲株抗原组 Ｉ Ｆ Ａ 的阳性率为３０ ．８ ％ 、 Ｉ Ｐ Ｍ Ａ 的阳性率为３０ ％ 、 Ｄｏｔ － Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 的阳性率为３２ ．５ ％ , Ｓ Ｈ１ 分离株抗原组 Ｉ Ｆ Ａ 的阳性率为３７ ．５ ％ 、 Ｉ Ｐ Ｍ Ａ 阳性率为３７ ．５ ％ 、 Ｄｏｔ － Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 的阳性率为４０ ％ 。进口 Ｅ Ｌ Ｉ Ｓ Ａ 试剂盒的检测阳性率为２６ ．７ ％ 。     

龙井茶摊放过程中β葡萄糖苷酶活性变化

对龙井茶鲜叶摊放过程中β 葡萄糖苷酶活性的变化研究表明: 鲜叶摊放2 小时, 酶活性就达到最高水平, 而后便逐渐下降, 品种间虽有差异, 但趋势基本一致。3 个品种摊放叶的酶活性以水古茶最高, 其次是龙井43 和鸠坑种。在温度较低(20 ℃左右) 和相对湿度较大(90% 左右) 时, 酶活性在6 ～8 小时仍保持较高水平, 而在温度较高(25 ℃) 和相对湿度较低(75 % —80 % ) 时, 摊放2 小时后, 酶活性就大幅度下降到较低的水平, 因此, 要达到传统工艺上的摊放要求, 宜以低温(20 ℃以下) 高湿( 相对湿度90 % 以上) 环境下摊放为妥。     

中国喜马拉雅地区的主要蜜源植物研究

 系统介绍了中国喜马拉雅地区,包括西藏南部和东部、四川西南部、云南西部的蜜源植物资源概况,主要蜜、粉源植物118种的开花期和利用价值,为这一地区发展养蜂业,振兴山区经济,促进农、林业持续发展提供科学依据。     

Molecular cloning and characterization of an inhibitor of apoptosis protein in the mud crab <Emphasis Type="Italic">Scylla paramamosain</Emphasis>: its potential anti-apoptosis role under air exposure stress

The mud crab Scylla paramamosain is a widely farmed commercial species in southeast coastal areas of China. The crabs are placed in water-free containers for transportation to inland markets, thus are exposed to dry conditions for more than 72 h after capture and may suffer from air exposure stress, triggering cell apoptosis leading to death. To evaluate whether an inhibitor of apoptosis protein (IAP) is involved in apoptosis resistance against air exposure stress in crustaceans, SpIAP was cloned and investigated for the first time. The full length of SpIAP was 3351 bp, encoding a polypeptide of 662 amino acids. The predicted SpIAP protein contained three baculoviral IAP repeat domains and one really interesting new gene (RING) finger domain. Protein basic local alignment search tool and phylogenetic analysis results showed that SpIAP was clustered together with other crustaceans IAPs. SpIAP was detected in all the examined tissues and predominantly expressed in the hepatopancreas. When crabs were challenged with air exposure for 12 h, the expression level of SpIAP in the hepatopancreas was significantly increased in the experimental group compared with the control group. A RNA interference assay and flow cytometry analysis showed that when SpIAP was silenced, the cell apoptotic rate significantly increased after 24 h air exposure. These results suggested that SpIAP was involved in an anti-apoptosis response induced by air exposure in S. paramamosain.     

细水雾大空间局域环境调节系统的设计及应用

提出了大空间局域环境喷雾降温、增湿、调湿系统的设计方法.针对细水雾扩散蒸发过程,建立了大空间局域环境调节的数学模型.以上海世博会特钢大舞台喷雾降温系统为例,对系统终端的耗水量以及降温空间内的湿度变化进行计算分析后发现,在半室外环境喷雾降温过程中,由于环境温度的降低,空气的饱和含水量下降,水蒸气含量增加,局部环境湿度增大.采用人工送风对环境湿度进行调节,配风量对比计算表明,增大配风量可以加快环境湿度趋于稳定.设定降温终端的工作频率后,相对湿度可控制在88%以下.计算分析模型忽略了人体散热、散湿等非关键因素.所提出的系统设计、优化和分析方法已经成功应用于奥运会场馆工程,对世博轴及场馆等室外和半室外环境喷雾降温系统的设计也具有重要的参考价值.     

沙棘果渣中黄酮醇苷的结构研究

在沙棘果皮、种子、果渣中或果实处理过程中产生的液体中可能含有数量可观的珍贵天然抗氧化剂。人们对寻找可代替合成抗氧化剂的天然抗氧化剂的兴趣逐渐上升,大量的研究也因此产生。据记载,沙棘（Hippophae rhamnoides）果实是黄酮醇丰富的来源,黄酮醇由异鼠李素的糖苷,五羟黄酮,4,5,7三羟黄酮醇组成。同时,还发现其它天然抗氧化剂浓度也很高,如原花色素,抗坏血酸,生育酚和类胡萝卜素。果汁从浆果中提取,引流至剩余的滤饼,