地方农业科研院所创新科研管理的思路探讨

在国家推进事业单位改革的背景下,文章通过深入分析地方农业科研院所科研管理工作中存在的主要问题,提出了科研管理人员要理清管理思路、建立人才培养机制、强化项目过程管理、加强科研档案管理、转变科技服务理念等创新科研管理的思路,以期为推进现代农业科研院所的建设提供参考。     

旅游活动对崂山风景区植物群落干扰的影响

为了研究旅游干扰对崂山植物群落结构组成及物种多样性变化的影响,为崂山更好的发展旅游业,保护生态环境提供参考。在不同海拔地区分别选择距离旅游线路较近和较远的地区作为研究样地,同时选择在崂山较为典型的四个植物群落作为研究对象。结果表明旅游活动会造成崂山植物群落结构组成的变化,改变原有的优势种,尤其是草本植物受干扰最为严重。此外,群落内物种多样性随干扰强度的增大表现出先增大后变化的趋势,在干扰强度为2级时,群落物种多样性最大(S=19)。因此,为实现崂山旅游业更好的发展,就要对旅游活动的干扰强度采取一定的措施以减少对景区植物群落的影响。     

黑龙江奶牛肠外致病大肠埃希菌种系分类群研究

研究黑龙江省奶牛主要肠外致病(奶牛乳房炎、子宫内膜炎)大肠埃希菌的种系分类群。用PCR扩增具有种系分类群标记的chuA、yjaA基因和TSPE4.C2 DNA片段的方法,对黑龙江省84株来源于奶牛乳房炎和41株来源于奶牛子宫内膜炎的大肠埃希菌进行种系进化群分类。奶牛乳房炎所检测菌株中A进化种系群占11.90%。B1种系进化群占88.10%。奶牛子宫内膜炎所检测菌株中A种系进化群占14.63%,B1种系进化亚群占85.37%。未检测到属于B2和D群的肠外强毒力株。大肠杆菌分离株接种小鼠剖检可见明显病变。通过遗传进化分析,引起黑龙江奶牛肠外致病大肠埃希菌主要属于B1种系进化群,为奶牛乳房炎和子宫内膜炎疫苗的研制提供理论依据。     

Effects of DHRS3 in C2C12 Myoblast Differentiation and Mouse Skeletal Muscle Injury

Myoblast differentiation is an essential process during skeletal muscle development. C2 C12 myoblast is a commonly used experimental model to study muscle cell differentiation in vitro. Dehydrogenase/reductase(SDR family) member 3(DHRS3) is a highly conserved member in short-chain alcohol dehydrogenase/reductase superfamily and has been shown to be involved in the metabolism of retinol. Previous experimental results showed that the expression of DHRS3 increased significantly during the differentiation of myoblasts differentiation. However, the effect of DHRS3 on mouse muscle cell differentiation was unclear. The objective of current study was to determine if DHRS3 affected muscle cell differentiation, and if DHRS3 was involved in muscle regeneration. Protein expression was determined by western blot and immunofluorescence analysis. The activation and inhibition of DHRS3 increased and decreased C2 C12 myoblast differentiation respectively, which indicated that DHRS3 could affect C2 C12 myoblast differentiation. DHRS3 expression was significantly changed during muscle regeneration, with the regeneration of muscle injury, the expression of DHRS3 tended to increase first and then decrease. It suggested that DHRS3 might be involved in muscle regeneration. In summary, this study confirmed the involvement of DHRS3 in C2 C12 myoblast differentiation and mouse skeletal muscle regeneration and provided a theoretical basis for further elucidating the molecular mechanism of muscle development.     

无机铜/蒙脱石纳米材料对肉鸡生长、肠道菌群和细菌酶活的影响

本试验以1日龄AA商品代混合雏鸡为试验动物,探讨无机铜/蒙脱石纳米材料(ICMN)对肉鸡生长、肠道菌群和细菌酶活性的影响。结果表明:饲料中添加1￣2g/kgICMN,可以明显地促进肉鸡生长和改善饲料利用效率。ICMN能降低肠道大肠杆菌和产气荚膜梭菌数,抑制肠道β-葡萄糖苷酶和β-葡萄糖苷酸酶的活性,但对肠道总厌氧菌、总需氧菌、乳酸杆菌和双歧杆菌数未产生显著影响。     

Tissue-specific expression of the NOD-like receptor protein 3 in BALB/c mice

Activation of the innate immune system requires recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns, such as NOD-like receptors. The NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is involved in induction of the pro-inflammatory cytokine, IL-1β, and subsequent inflammatory responses. NLRP3 inflammasome plays important roles in the inflammatory and innate immune responses associated with autoimmune/inflammatory syndrome. However, analysis of the tissue distribution and expression profiles in BALB/c mice is still incomplete. In this study, we investigated the tissue distribution and expression pattern of NLRP3 in BALB/c mice to further elucidate its function in innate immunity in this commonly used laboratory animal model. NLRP3 mRNA expression levels and tissue distribution of the protein were investigated by real-time quantitative PCR and immunohistochemical analyses, respectively. NLRP3 mRNA expression was higher in the kidney and inguinal lymph nodes than in other tissues. Cytoplasmic expression of NLRP3 was detected in the epithelial reticular cells of the spleen and thymus, lymphocytes in the inguinal lymph nodes, cardiac muscle cells, cerebral cortex neurons, alveolar macrophages, renal tubule cells and liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. The results of this study will assist investigators in interpreting site-specific functions and roles of NLRP3 in inflammatory responses.     

日粮中添加味精菌体蛋白对奶牛生产性能的影响

试验选用2～4胎次泌乳中期荷斯坦牛18头,随机分为3组,每组6头,试验1组和试验2组分别给每头奶牛添加5%和15%的味精菌体蛋白,对照组不添加味精菌体蛋白,以评定味精菌体蛋白对奶牛生产性能的影响。结果表明,夏季奶牛日粮中添加味精菌体蛋白替代日粮中部分蛋白质饲料,可促进奶牛粗饲料采食量的增加,减缓热应激造成的产奶量下降幅度,但对牛奶品质的影响不大。     

Evaluating eddy covariance method by large-scale weighing lysimeter in a maize field of northwest China

Accurate determination of evapotranspiration (ET) is useful to develop precise irrigation scheduling. Although eddy covariance (EC) is a direct method which is widely used to measure ET, its performance in arid region of northwest China is not clear. In this study, ET measured by EC (ET_EC) was compared with that by large-scale weighing lysimeter (ET_L) during the whole growing season of maize in 2009. Energy balance ratio was 0.84 for daytime fluxes, indicating that lack of energy balance closure occurred, so daytime ET_EC was adjusted by Bowen-ratio forced closure method. Compared to the corresponding ET_L, half-hourly daytime ET_EC was underestimated by 21.8% without the adjustment and 4.8% with the adjustment. Furthermore, nighttime ET_EC was adjusted using filtering/interpolation method. Mean error between half-hourly nighttime ET_EC and ET_L decreased from 30.2% without the adjustment to 10.3% with the adjustment. After such adjustment of day and night measurements, daily ET_EC was underestimated by 6.2% compared to ET_L. These results indicated that the adjusted ET_EC well matched with the ET_L. Moreover, the discrepancy of adjusted total ET_EC and ET_L was decreased to 3.2% after subtracting the overestimated ET by lysimeter resulting from irrigation and heavy rainfall events. Thus, after appropriate adjustments of observations, eddy covariance method is accurate in estimating maize ET in the arid region of northwest China.     

瓜类嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置的设计

设计了一种新型嫁接机上苗定位夹持装置,可实现嫁接苗的定位、断根和夹取功能。新型上苗定位装置由滑块摇杆收拢机构和夹取断根机构两个部分构成,针对幼苗定位连杆末端需形成包络轨迹将嫁接苗包住的农艺要求,进行机构的数学建模和仿真优化,得到了最佳的结构参数。以“拿铁砧”葫芦苗为对象取苗进行试验,其定位夹持的成功率达93%以上,符合自动嫁接需求。     

吸附到白浆土中铝的解吸行为研究

为探讨发生铝污染的白浆土中金属铝的解吸特性,采用平衡振荡法,研究铝在白浆土中的解吸行为及不同因素的影响。结果表明:在720min后,白浆土中的铝解吸基本达到平衡;25℃下,土壤有机质含量为42.2g/kg,铝在白浆土中的解吸量仅为吸附量的1.5%;用Langmuir方程可很好地拟合白浆土中铝解吸等温曲线(r=0.985 9**),说明表面均匀单层解吸占主导;热力学参数ΔG0,ΔH0,ΔS0,表明铝的解吸是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程。土壤有机质由42.2g/kg降至27.8g/kg时,白浆土中铝的最大解吸量由25.87mg/kg升至66.11mg/kg,且导致解吸滞后现象的加剧。pH降至3时,铝的解吸量升至226.4mg/kg,是pH在5~7时的8倍以上。随着解吸液中NaCl和Na_2SO_4浓度的增加,铝的解吸量增加。总之,吸附到白浆土中的铝解吸能力较弱,但pH和有机质含量降低,无机盐含量升高,铝的解吸量大幅增加,污染风险急剧上升。