任豆实生苗秋季培育技术

介绍了任豆采种方法和秋季育苗的主要措施     

中国食品质量安全与监控体系建设

中国是食品生产和消费大国．政府高度重视食品包括食用农产品的质量安全问题。近几年来．国家相继组织实施了“一个计划、两项工程”工作,即无公害食品行动计划,目的是确保城乡消费者能够吃上安全放心的“菜篮子”产品：两个工程：一是“三绿工程”——通过开展绿色消费、绿色通道、绿色市场确保食品流通业的质量安全．一是“食品放心工程”——重点是抓好食品源头污染治理和市场准人两个环节．使食品安全状况得到改善。     

渔业配额权流转的制度分析

捕捞限额制度是《中华人民共和国渔业法》规定的一项新的管理制度,它的实施将是我国渔业管理的一次重大改革。在区分该制度中捕捞权与配额权的基础上,着重配额权流转的制度分析;根据我国渔业管理历史、现状及发展要求,提出了在我国即将实施的捕捞限额制度中可适当允许配额权流转及其配额权流转制度框架,包括明确的配额权性质、完善的配额权登记公示、良好的市场中介、完善的社会保障体系等;分析了影响流转的限制因素,如法律障碍、渔区经济发展水平、渔民自身素质等;最后,作者认为我国目前应加强进行对渔民宣传和教育、建立诚信制度、发展渔业第二三产业、消除法律障碍、明确配额权证书的性质、确定配额权位序、建立市场中介服务组织等工作。     

A real‐time PCR for the detection of hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) of penaeid shrimp

Hepatopancreatic parvovirus (HPV) causes a common shrimp disease that occurs in many shrimp farming regions, especially in the Indo Pacific, and infects most of the cultured penaeid species. There are seven geographic HPV isolates known, so a method to detect different HPV types is needed. We developed a sensitive and generic real‐time PCR assay for the detection of HPV. A pair of primers and TaqMan probe based on an HPV sequence obtained from samples of Fenneropenaeus chinensis from Korea were selected, and they were used to amplify a 92 bp DNA fragment. This real‐time PCR was found to be specific to HPV and did not react with other shrimp viruses. A plasmid (pHPV‐2) containing the target HPV sequence was constructed and used for determination of the sensitivity of this assay. The assay could detect a single copy of plasmid DNA, and it was used successfully in finding HPV in shrimp samples from the China‐Yellow Sea region, Taiwan, Korea, Thailand, Madagascar, New Caledonia and Tanzania.     

生态护岸技术的研究及其发展趋势

介绍了生态护岸的概念以及生态护岸的防洪、生态、景观、自净四大功能,着重介绍了5种不同类型的生态护岸:固化技术护岸、扦插--抛石联合技术护岸、直立式生态护岸、自嵌式植生挡土墙护岸和格宾柔性护岸,并分析了目前生态护岸技术的研究进展及应用发展趋势.     

Dietary α‐Ketoglutarate supplementation alleviates harmful effects of high environmental ammonia on grass carp,Ctenopharyngodon idella

Current intensive fish farming usually causes high environmental ammonia (HEA) in ponds that is toxic to fish. α‐Ketoglutarate (α‐KG) can be rapidly transaminated to glutamic acid and further aminated to glutamine. Therefore, we hypothesized that dietary α‐KG supplementation would alleviate HEA toxicity to fish. To test the hypothesis, 270 healthy grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idella) juveniles were randomly assigned to control, HEA (18.37 mg/L ammonia) and HEA + α‐KG (0.75% of α‐KG) groups. Ammonia and free amino acid content in plasma and brain, liver glutamic pyruvic transaminase and glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase activity, and urea and glycogen content were measured on the first, seventh and 42nd days. Our results showed short‐term HEA exposure (1 day) led to a significant ammonia accumulation in the brain and plasma and significantly decreased glutamic and aspartic acid content in the brain and increased glutamine content in the brain and plasma. The long‐term HEA exposure (42 days) caused significant reductions in glycine and arginine content in the brain tissue. In most cases, dietary α‐KG supplementation alleviated the fluctuations in FAA content in the brain and plasma. Our results suggested dietary α‐KG alleviated HEA toxicity to grass carp.     

Effects of five compound attractants in high plant‐based diets on feed intake and growth performance of juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of five attractants on feed intake, growth performance and appetite‐regulating genes expression for juvenile turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Fish were fed with seven diets: fish‐meal‐based diet (FM), fermented soybean meal replacing 45% fish meal (FSBM) and other diets with 1% compound attractant A (CA‐A) consisting of amino acids, compound attractant B (CA‐B) consisting of quaternary ammonium bases, compound attractant C (CA‐C) consisting of nucleotides, compound attractant G (CA‐G) consisting of the combination of CA‐A, CA‐B and CA‐C and blue mussel protein hydrolysate (BMH) on the basis of FSBM diet respectively. Daily feed intake in CA‐A group was significantly higher, but that in CA‐B group was significantly lower than FSBM group. Similarly, specific growth rate was significantly enhanced in CA‐A and CA‐G groups and were significantly decreased in CA‐B group. Protein efficiency ratio and protein retention in CA‐B group were significantly lower than FSBM group. Furthermore, BMH supplement increased the mRNA expression of Ghrelin in the intestine of fish. These results showed that CA‐A and CA‐G supplement could enhance growth in plant‐based diets, but CA‐B supplement had the opposite effect, which might be associated with lower feed intake and lower feed utilization.     

Evolution of marine fisheries management in China from 1949 to 2019: How did China get here and where does China go next?

China is the world’s biggest fishing nation and a major player in the global seafood trade. Its fisheries development can decisively influence the global seafood trade, food security and marine conservation. In recent years, significant changes have taken place in China’s fisheries management priorities, policies and regulations. In this paper, we review the evolving fisheries management practices in China to delineate changes in the management policies, methods and their performances from 1949 to 2019. We determined that the following issues impede the development, implementation and enforcement of fisheries policies and regulations, namely the large size of the fishing fleet, large and poorly organized fisheries population, the “hidden” fishing capacity, uniform management approaches that sometimes fail to account for local conditions, lack of clearly defined and allocated fishing rights, limited data quality and availability, insufficient fisheries monitoring programmes, absence of a robust scientific input framework and insufficient stakeholder involvement. Combining those problems with China’s current management initiatives, we propose recommendations for China’s future fisheries reforms. We hope this paper can inform China’s marine fisheries policies and provide valuable references for further researches related to China’s sustainable fisheries management.     

割手密线粒体DNA的简易快速提取方法

高效快速地分离提取高质量的线粒体DNA(mtDNA)是研究植物线粒体基因及其起源进化的重要前提。为获得高质量的mtDNA进行割手密资源的线粒体基因序列扩增及测序分析,本研究以割手密黄化苗为材料,通过简单差速离心分离得到线粒体,经DNaseⅠ消化处理,去除核DNA杂质得到较纯的线粒体,然后经过5%SDS和蛋白酶K充分裂解线粒体,利用饱和的苯酚/氯仿(1:1)和氯仿两次抽提除去蛋白质,并经过RNase A的消化处理除去RNA,无水乙醇沉淀等一系列操作得到mtDNA。所提取的mtDNA样品经紫外吸收光度测定,琼脂糖凝胶电泳和PCR扩增分析其浓度和纯度,结果表明利用该方法提取的mtDNA纯度高,完全能满足后续PCR分析及分子克隆测序的要求。该方法不仅DNA提取纯度高,操作简单、快速经济,可为今后开展甘蔗及其各野生种的研究提供技术支持。     

不同水分条件下土壤N2O排放的动力学方程模拟

[目的]水分对土壤N₂O排放有重要影响。运用混合动力学方程模拟不同水分条件下土壤N₂O累积排放的过程,分析土壤水分对N₂O产生途径的影响及其变化规律,为通过改善土壤管理降低N₂O气体排放提供理论和实践指导。[方法]通过室内培养试验,研究了不同水分条件[40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC,100%WHC和淹水处理,WHC(田间持水量)]下土壤N₂O排放特征、硝铵态氮含量和氧气消耗动态变化。[结果](1)N₂O排放速率24 h时达到最大,淹水处理[3.46μg/(kg·h)]是其他处理的54.5～178.9倍。(2)土壤N₂O累积排放量均随着培养时间的延长而增加,淹水处理的快速上升阶段为前48 h,而其他处理为前96 h。培养结束时的土壤N₂O累积排放量,淹水处理(44.6μg/kg)分别是40%WHC,60%WHC,80%WHC和100%WHC的67.1,29.2,20.8,10.4倍。(3)除淹水条件下,伪...