植物EST-SSR标记开发及其应用

随着生物科技的进步,大量的植物表达序列标签（expressed sequence tags,ESTs）已经成为开发SSR标记的重要资源。EST-SSR作为一种新型分子标记,其多态性可能与基因功能直接相关,而且在相近植物间具有良好通用性,使得EST-SSR标记在实际应用中更具价值。采用计算机方法大规模发掘EST-SSR多态性位点极大地提高了SSR标记开发效率。尤其随着新一代测序技术的成熟以及测序成本的急剧下降,利用新一代测序技术产生大量的转录组数据进行EST-SSR多态性标记的计算机大规模发掘将对SSR标记的开发带来深远影响。本文简要介绍了植物EST-SSR分布特点,并对EST-SSR标记开发现状以及相关应用作了综合评述,此外,还对EST-SSR标记的计算机开发新策略进行了展望。     

西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系发展对策研究

西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系是实现西藏农牧业跨越式和可持续发展、增加农牧民收入和促进农村经济、文化快速发展的重要平台。在基于西藏农牧业教育、农村信息化建设的现状的条件下,通过对农村远程教育与信息化服务所面临的主要问题的分析,提出了西藏农村远程教育与信息服务体系发展的对策。     

Physicochemical and functional properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein isolate

The amino acid composition and physicochemical and functional properties of hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) protein isolate (HPI) were evaluated and compared with those of soy protein isolate (SPI). Edestin, a kind of hexameric legumin, was the major protein component. HPI had similar or higher levels of essential amino acids (except lysine), in comparison to those amino acids of SPI. The essential amino acids in HPI (except lysine and sulfur-containing amino acids) are sufficient for the FAO/WHO suggested requirements for 2-5 year old children. The protein solubility (PS) of HPI was lower than that of SPI at pH less than 8.0 but similar at above pH 8.0. HPI contained much higher free sulfhydryl (SH) content than SPI. Differential scanning calorimetry analysis showed that HPI had only one endothermic peak with denaturation temperature (T(d)) of about 95.0 degrees C, attributed to the edestin component. The T(d) of the endotherm was nearly unaffected by 20-40 mM sodium dodecyl sulfate but significantly decreased by 20 mM dithiothreitol (P < 0.05). The emulsifying activity index, emulsion stability index, and water-holding capacity of HPI were much lower than those of SPI, and the fat adsorption capacity was similar. The data suggest that HPI can be used as a valuable source of nutrition for infants and children but has poor functional properties when compared with SPI. The poor functional properties of HPI have been largely attributed to the formation of covalent disulfide bonds between individual proteins and subsequent aggregation at neutral or acidic pH, due to its high free sulfhydryl content from sulfur-containing amino acids.     

Structure determination of partially deuterated carotenoids from intrinsically labeled vegetables by HPLC-MS and 1H NMR

The structures of biosynthetic deuterated carotenoids in labeled vegetables were investigated: (all-E)-lutein and (all-E)-beta-carotene from spinach, and (all-E)-beta-carotene and (all-E)-alpha-carotene from carrots. The vegetables were grown hydroponically using a nutrient solution enriched with deuterium oxide (D(2)O) and were extracted using matrix solid-phase dispersion (MSPD). Deuterium enrichment in the carotenoid molecules was determined by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). (all-E)-Lutein and (all-E)-beta-carotene in spinach showed partial deuteration from (2)H(1) to (2)H(12), with the abundance maximum at (2)H(5). (all-E)-beta-Carotene and (all-E)-alpha-carotene from carrots showed partial deuteration from (2)H(1) to (2)H(17), with the abundance maximum at (2)H(11). The (1)H NMR spectra of the four deuterated carotenoids showed additional signals for all methyl groups and decreased signal intensity for the olefinic protons and the methylene protons in the ring. These differences are due to isotopic effects and are based on the substitution of protons by deuterium atoms. The deuteration was distributed randomly throughout the carotenoid molecules.     

Enzyme-catalyzed change of antioxidants content and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice

A pectolytic enzyme preparation from Aspergillus niger (pectinase AN) decreased most rutin content and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice. To investigate the mechanism of such loss, we analyzed several possible related enzyme activities in pectinase AN. We found that the activity of pectinase AN to oxidize guaiacol had no significant difference with or without the presence of H2O2; thus it was laccase activity, not peroxidase (PO) activity, that pectinase AN contained. We did not find any polyphenol oxidase (PPO) activity in pectinase AN. Laccase in pectinase AN could be the major cause of loss of rutin and antioxidant activity of asparagus juice. When most laccase activity of pectinase AN was inactivated after heating at 70 degrees C for 1.5 min and incubated with asparagus juice, the loss rate of rutin was only 9% of that treated with unheated pectinase AN, and the antioxidant activity was even increased. Rhamnosidase activity was detected in pectinase AN and can change rutin in asparagus juice to quercetin-3-glucoside, which has higher antioxidant activity than rutin. This may explain the increase of antioxidant activity of asparagus juice treated with heated pectinase AN that still contained some rhamnosidase activity. The discovery of our research is helpful to produce juice with high antioxidant activity and high health benefits in the juice industry.     

固化土结构沼气池试验研究初报

固化土结构沼气池是在传统以砖砌体沼气池和混凝土现浇沼气池建造基础上，利用土壤固化技术建造的一种新型户用水压式沼气池。将固化土作为池底结构材料和池壁材料，在冲积土、紫色土、黏土等3种土壤条件下建造了不同组合模式的固化土结构沼气池。经破坏性极限压力试验表明，所建沼气池均符合国家《户用沼气池质量检验验收规范GB/T4751-2002》标准。对固化土结构沼气池与传统沼气池建造成本进行详细分析，结果表明，由于部分建池材料实现就地取材，商品建材的使用量和运输量减少，建池成本降低，具有显著的经济效益和广阔的推广前景。     

傅里叶变换红外光谱法在橄榄油掺假鉴别中的应用

采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪对橄榄油、葵花籽油、花生油、玉米油、大豆油、菜籽油、棕榈油7种食用植物油的红外光谱信息进行分析。结果表明,橄榄油的红外吸收光谱在吸收峰的位置及吸光度上均与其他种类的植物油有区别,以3005~3009 cm^-1、1117~1121 cm^-1处的吸收峰作为种类区分。模拟掺假过程,向橄榄油中掺入其他6种不同比例的低价值植物油后,发现1097、3005 cm^-1处吸收峰的峰面积与掺假百分比呈线性关系。此外,对7种食用植物油180℃加热2 h后的红外光谱图进行分析,发现968、1097 cm^-1处的吸收峰变化趋势有差异,橄榄油呈上升趋势而其他种类的植物油则呈现下降趋势。掺假橄榄油加热后谱图分析发现3005 cm^-1处的峰面积有所降低,但与掺假百分比仍呈线性关系,掺入5%低价油,3400~3650 cm^-1区域呈明显增加趋势,据此可以鉴别掺假量低至5%的橄榄油,这为橄榄油的掺假鉴别提供了一种快速高效的方法。     

2005年国家棉花品种区试纤维品质测试与分析

通过在黄河流域棉区、长江流域棉区、西北内陆棉区和北部特早熟棉区不同生态环境的布点试验，正确评价棉花参试品种的纤维品质及在不同生长条件下纤维品质的差异．为综合评价参试品种、品种审定和推广提供科学依据。     

从狼毒大戟中克隆蓖麻烯合成酶基因

本研究采用RACE-PCR技术从狼毒大戟(Euphorbia fischeriana Steud.)根中克隆到一个蓖麻烯合成酶(casbene synthase)基因,命名为EfCS(GenBank登录号为:JN862821)。该基因长1969bp,编码602个氨基酸,具有典型的萜类合成酶的基因结构。对CS基因编码氨基酸序列进行生化特性分析发现其理论等电点为5.36,分子量为69.3648kD。通过疏水性分析,发现CS整体表现为亲水性。进行导肽分析结果发现其具有叶绿体导肽。二级结构预测表明,CS蛋白由α-螺旋、延伸链、β-转角和随意卷曲构成,它们分别占到64.95%、6.64%、3.16%和25.25%。另外,对CS蛋白质进行三级结构预测,发现蓖麻烯合成酶属Ⅰ类萜类合成酶。     

基质盐含量对2种槲栎幼苗生长及生理适应性的影响

为了比较北京槲栎和锐齿槲栎的耐盐性及其机理差异,以2种槲栎的2年生幼苗为材料,用1‰~4‰的不同浓度NaCl水溶液进行处理,研究不同盐含量条件下2种槲栎幼苗生长、生理适应性及k+、Na+离子分布。结果表明,随盐浓度的增加,2种槲栎的总叶面积及生物量显著降低,北京槲栎降低幅度达30%,而锐齿槲栎降低幅度达到50%以上,叶片质膜相对透性总体呈增大趋势,锐齿槲栎的增大幅度比北京槲栎高29%,锐齿槲栎叶片保护酶SOD、渗透调节物质脯氨酸和可溶性蛋白含量都显著低于北京槲栎。盐胁迫下2种槲栎根系吸收的K+离子多向茎叶中运输,而吸收的Na+离子多滞留在根系中,北京槲栎能维持稳定的K+离子含量在15 mg/g左右。由比较得知2种槲栎在基质盐浓度低于3‰时都具有一定的耐盐性,且北京槲栎耐盐能力优于锐齿槲栎。