菌材伴栽与天麻高产栽培技术研究

菌材伴栽与培育栽培天麻法与室外林地常规田字格栽培法、菌材+枝条栽培法、双层菌材栽培法和单层菌材栽培法比较,菌材伴栽法能显著提高天麻产量、生物效益、产值和投入产出比等各项经济技术指标,减少了菌材提前培育过程。该方法实用性强,具有应用和推广价值。     

Replacement of fish meal by meat and bone meal in diets for large yellow croaker, Pseudosciaena crocea

A growth experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of replacement of fish meal (FM) by meat and bone meal (MBM) in diets on the growth and body composition of large yellow croaker (Pseudosciaena crocea). Six isonitrogenous (43% crude protein) and isoenergetic (20 kJ g^− 1) diets replacing 0, 15, 30, 45, 60 and 75% FM protein by MBM protein were formulated. Each diet was randomly allocated to triplicate groups of fish in sea floating cages (1.0 × 1.0 × 1.5 m), and each cage was stocked with 180 fish (initial average weight of 1.88 ± 0.02 g). Fish were fed twice daily (05:00 and 17:30) to apparent satiation for 8 weeks. The water temperature ranged from 26.5 to 32.5 °C, salinity from 32 to 36‰, and dissolved oxygen content was approximately 7 mg l^− 1 during the experimental period. Survival decreased with increasing dietary MBM and the survival in the fish fed the diet with 75% protein from MBM was significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). There were no significant differences in specific growth rate (SGR) among the fish fed the diets with 0 (the control group), 15, 30 and 45% protein from MBM. However, SGR in the fish fed the diets with 60 and 75% protein from MBM were significantly lower than other groups (P < 0.05). No significant differences in feeding rate were observed among dietary treatments. The digestibility experiment showed that the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, protein, lipid and energy of MBM were significantly lower compared with those of FM (P < 0.05). Essential amino acid index was found to be correlated positively with SGR in the present study, suggesting that essential amino acid balance was important. Body composition analysis showed that the carcass protein and essential amino acids were not significantly affected by dietary MBM. The lipid and n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (n-3 HUFA) in fish muscle, however, significantly decreased with increasing dietary MBM. These results showed that 45% of FM protein could be replaced by MBM protein in diets of large yellow croaker without significantly reducing growth. It was suggested that the reduced growth with higher MBM was due to lower digestibility and imbalance of essential amino acids.     

Effect of dietary vitamin B6 supplementation on growth and intestinal microflora of juvenile golden pompano (Trachinotus ovatus)

In order to investigate the dietary vitamin B₆ (VB₆) requirement for juvenile golden pompano, an experiment of six different diets with six dietary VB₆ levels (0, 3.75, 7.47, 10.6, 13.7 and 18.5 mg/kg) was conducted. The results indicated that the content of dietary VB₆ significantly increased weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR) and feed conversion ratio (FCR; p < 0.05). Golden pompano fed diet containing 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ achieved the maximum ALT, AST, GPx, hepatic VB₆ concentrations as well as the minimum MDA, however, the ALT, AST, GPx and hepatic VB₆ concentrations decreased while MDA increased with a further increase in dieatry VB₆. The highest values of GR and POD occurred at the 10.6 and 13.7 mg/kg dietary VB₆ (p < 0.05) respectively. A diet supplemented with 7.47 mg/kg VB₆ increased intestinal Na⁺, K⁺‐ATPase, Chymotrypsin, γ‐glutamyl transpeptidase, creatine kinase and amylase activities (p < 0.05). The relative abundance of Tenericutes and Bacteroidetes decreased while Proteobacteria and Firmicutes improved with an increase in dietary VB₆ levels up to 7.47 mg/kg. Quadratic regression analysis on WGR, hepatic VB₆ concentrations, AST and ALT indicated that the optimum dietary VB₆ levels for juvenile golden pompano were 8.84–9.28 mg/kg.     

温室环境下黄瓜采摘机器人信息获取

研究基于近红外图像的黄瓜果实与茎叶的信息表达方法,有效实现了近色系生物信息的图像识别。分析了黄瓜采摘深度图像信息的特点,通过建立基于灰度相关与极线几何相结合的匹配策略实现了双目视觉下的黄瓜抓取点的立体匹配和三维重建。研究温室环境下不同时间光照强度变化特点,建立了光照分析模型,提高了不同光照条件下的导航线提取的适应性。试验表明机器人视觉系统能有效识别、定位果实的空间位置,定位误差控制在±5mm以内。     

双流道泵内非定常固液两相流的数值分析

采用Mixture多相流模型、标准的k-ε湍流模型与SIMPLEC算法,应用FLUENT软件对双流道泵内固液两相湍流进行了非定常数值模拟.研究结果表明:不同时刻,泵流道内的压力分布明显不同,呈现周期性变化规律;在叶轮流道内,固相体积浓度分布极不均匀,颗粒主要集中于叶轮出口处的工作面和后盖板上,而在蜗壳流道内,固相颗粒多集中于离叶轮半径较大的蜗壳壁面上.     

斑茅F1杂交可育亲本选择及其回交后代鉴定和主要经济性状

选用8个Badila(甘蔗热带种)与斑茅属间杂交F1品系与9个甘蔗栽培品种配制了24个回交组合，其中6个F1品系的13个组合杂交可育，共获346株BC1实生苗．经同工酶分析，其中320个株系具有斑茅的特征酶带，为斑茅的真实后代。在杂交可育性和BC1后代主要经济性状方面，斑茅F1品系间和杂交组合问均存在显著差异。斑茅BC1后代的产量性状和糖分仍与甘蔗栽培品种有较大差距，但各性状的最大值已与栽培品种的相当。初步研究结果表明，YC96—40和YC95—41是较好的斑茅F1亲本材料。     

双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统设计与试验

为解决甜樱桃促成栽培产量和质量不稳定的问题,该研究根据甜樱桃促成栽培特点,研制了一种双热源半自动控温甜樱桃促成栽培系统。该系统以煤、柴为燃料的地炕式加热炉为补充加热方式,结合太阳能调控温度。通过与传统大棚比较,分析了该系统对甜樱桃栽培产量及经济效益的影响。结果表明:连续2 a应用甜樱桃促成栽培系统的大棚产量稳定在11 550 kg/hm2以上,优质果率超过80%,年经济效益比普通大棚高37%(2012年)和36%(2013年)。该系统采用半自动测控促成栽培环境,使环境因子的检测和报警实现自动化,明显降低了劳动强度,在甜樱桃促成栽培中推广应用,可取得显著经济效益。     

鱼粉品质检测电子鼻传感器阵列的多特征数据融合优化

为了提高基于仿生嗅觉的鱼粉品质检测装置的鉴别能力,该文利用自主设计的仿生嗅觉鱼粉品质检测装置,提取鱼粉样本的响应特征信息,对其传感器阵列进行多特征数据融合优化。依据各传感器对样本的响应曲线,提取传感器特征值(10×6个)构成原始特征矩阵,后对传感器阵列特征值进行归一化处理,以紧凑性作为评价特征选择方法合理性的标准,采用了3种单特征排序方法(MIC、χ^2、F-test),3种多特征排序方法(RF、LR、SVM),4种特征递减消除方法(RFRFE、SVMRFE、DTRFE、LRRFE)对不同品质的鱼粉进行分类准确率检验,得到基于随机森林的特征递减消除算法(RFRFE)的紧凑性最好,此时最佳的分类准确率为98.3%,特征数目为33个。优化后的传感器阵列特征发生了明显的变化,传感器阵列由原来的10个变为了8个,去掉了传感器TGS2620和传感器TGS2600,特征值也减少了45%。为了避免选择偏差,采用了10折交叉验证方法,再次得到了RFRFE算法具有更佳的紧凑性。该特征选择方法为利用仿生嗅觉技术鉴别其他动物源性原料样本的特征优化提供了新的方法和参考。     

离心泵内部流动时序效应的CFD计算

为了研究导叶时序效应对离心泵性能的影响,采用CFD方法对设计流量工况下导叶不同时序位置时离心泵内部流动进行了数值计算,定义导叶叶片尾缘与隔舌夹角为0时为时序位置0,每增加10°增加一个时序位置。得到了泵内外特性随时序位置不同的变化规律,并分析了不同时序位置对隔舌处压力脉动及叶轮径向力非定常特性的影响。结果表明：随着导叶时序位置的增加,泵扬程和效率呈先上升后下降的趋势,导叶与隔舌相对位置在20°时达到最大值,扬程较最低值提高0.6 m;时序效应对隔舌处1倍和2倍叶片通过频率影响最大,且随时序位置的增加,主频和压力脉动幅值呈先减小后增加的趋势,时序位置1时幅值为4时的70%;导叶时序位置的改变主要影响泵底座-出口方向叶轮径向力分量。研究结果为离心泵径向导叶设计提供参考。     

生物质燃料多功能炉设计与性能测试

为了解决当前生物质燃料炉存在的热效率低、排放不达标、有焦油味、炊事取暖不兼顾、炊事高度与烧炕爬烟高度不兼顾等问题,该文结合北方地区农村居民生活习惯,设计了一种集取暖、炊事、洗浴等功能于一体的生物质多功能炉,并对其性能进行了测试。结果显示,其额定热功率为8.0 kW,热效率为69.7%,炊事热效率为39.2%,炊事火力强度为39 926 J/g,综合热效率为78.55%,烟气排放指标低于国家标准。研究结果可为中国北方地区的生物质燃料多功能炉的设计和应用提供参考。