Spatial heterogeneity of loess contour tilled microtopographic slope in rainfall erosion

Loess tilled surface is the geographical unit for the quantitative study of the soil erosion process. Contour tillage has been proved to be the most effictive measure for soil and water conservation in the Chinese Loess Plateau. Studies on the spatial heterogeneity of loess tilled surfaces will contribute to the understanding of the mechanism of erosion evolution. For this, a laboratory experiment was performed on contour tilled sloping surfaces where the hydrological-erosive processes were simulated. At different erosion stages, point cloud measurements were made using a terrestrial laser scanning system (TLS); then the heterogeneity depending on detrending and directionality were analysed by both the semivariogram method and the rescaled range analysis method. Results showed that: (1) the fractal dimensions D_S and D_R were equivalent when determined from either the semivariogram method or the rescaled range analysis method, although the semivariogram method appears to be more reliable in identifying the specific stage of the erosion evolution process; (2) the contour tilled microtopographies had an anisotropy behavior depending on direction; (3) the fractal dimension (either D_S or D_R) in different erosion stages was less than 1.5, which indicates that the microtopography of the sloping surface exhibits characteristics of persistent fractional Brownian motion and positive spatial autocorrelation. Irrespective of tillage measure and slope percentage, the sloping surface can be regarded as having random roughness. The results reveals a quantitative relationship between microtopography and sloping erosion. Also, it may provide guidance for further studies regarding the spatial variability and heterogeneity of various tilled slopes on the microtopographic scale.     

急性犬瘟热继发小袋虫性肠炎的病理学观察

经对患犬瘟热性腹泻的8例病犬进行病理组织学检查发现,4例肠炎主要是由小袋虫引起,还有1例是小袋虫与隐孢虫混合感染。小袋虫主要存在于病犬的空肠和回肠黏膜的上皮细胞间以及固有层内,在脱落的肠上皮细胞和破坏的肠绒毛所形成的粘液内,也能检出大量的小袋虫。小袋虫的虫体主要有包囊体和滋养体。包囊体多呈圆形,胞浆致密、深染,经PAS染色,在其胞浆中可发现大量深红色的粗大颗粒。滋养体多呈椭圆形,其胞质疏松,着色较淡,PAS染色时,其胞浆中有少量呈红色的粗大颗粒。用抗犬瘟热病毒核衣壳蛋白抗体染色检查,在小肠黏膜上皮细胞、隐窝的腺上皮细胞、浸润在肠黏膜固有层的淋巴细胞、巨噬细胞和集合淋巴结的树突状细胞均呈强阳性反应。     

Relationship between hybrid performance and genetic variation in self-fertile and self-sterile sugar beet pollinators as estimated by SSR markers

Sugar beet hybrid varieties are produced through the crosses between male sterile lines and the multigerm pollinators. The uniformity of pollinators used for hybrid crosses depends on the presence of self-sterility (S ^s ) and self-fertility (S ^f ) genes. The aim of the study was to analyze correlation between hybrid performance and genetic distance or heterozygosity of the sugar beet pollinators. Twelve diploid pollinators classified as self-sterile (S ^s ) or self-fertile (S ^f ) and two cytoplasmic male sterile (CMS) lines were crossed in line × tester scheme, producing 24 F₁ hybrids. The parents and the hybrids were evaluated for root yield and quality traits, from which F₁ performance, combining abilities, mid-parent and high-parent heterosis were calculated. Parental genetic distance and diversity of the pollinators were estimated by SSR markers and, together with GCA and F₁ performance, correlated with the heterosis effects. The S ^f hybrids had better GCA and higher values of root yield, root weight, and root circumference than the S ^s hybrids. Heterosis was recorded in more combinations with the S ^f than with the S ^s pollinators. Parameters of genetic diversity were higher in the S ^s (Na = 3.125; Ne = 2.341; He = 0.555) than in the S ^f pollinators (Na = 3.000; Ne = 2.188; He = 0.510). Genetic distance between the tested pollinators and the CMS lines was low (0.072–0.224) indicating that the genetic base of the investigated germplasm was narrow. Correlation of the heterosis effects with GD and heterozygosity was detected only for the root yield traits.     

Sensory,Physico-Chemical and Water Sorption Properties of Corn Extrudates Enriched with Spirulina

This study compares the quality of extrudates made from corn grits with the addition of up to 8% of spirulina powder. The sensory properties (shape, color, aroma, taste and crispness), chemicals (content of water, protein, fat, ash, fiber, carbohydrates, carotenoids, chlorophyll and phycocyanin) and physical properties (color, water absorption index, expansion indices, texture and water sorption properties) were determined. It has been found that spirulina-enriched extrudates had slightly lower sensory scores, but the addition of spirulina improved their nutritional value. The contents of protein, ash, fiber and β-carotene increased in extrudates with 8% of spirulina by 34, 36, 140 and 1,260%, respectively. The increasing addition of spirulina caused a decrease in extrudates lightness, an increase in their greenness and yellowness accompanied by a decrease of expansion indices and an increase of softness. Only small differences were found in water sorption properties, suggesting a similar behavior of spirulina-enriched extrudates during storage.     

Comparative Analysis of MLR,ANN, and ANFIS Models for Prediction of Field Capacity and Permanent Wilting Point for Bafra Plain Soils

ABSTRACT

Soil hydraulic parameters like moisture content at field capacity and permanent wilting point constitute significant input parameters of various biophysical models and agricultural practices (irrigation timing and amount of irrigation to be applied). In this study, the performance of three different methods (Multiple linear regression – MLR, Artificial Neural Network – ANN and Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System – ANFIS) with different input parameters in prediction of field capacity and permanent wilting point from easily obtained soil characteristics were compared. Correlation analysis indicated that clay content, sand content, cation exchange capacity, CaCO₃, and organic matter had significant correlations with FC and PWP (p < .01). Validation results revealed that the ANN model with the greatest R² and the lowest MAE and RMSE value exhibited better performance for prediction of FC and PWP than the MLR and ANFIS models. ANN model had R² = 0.83, MAE = 2.36% and RMSE = 3.30% for FC and R² = 0.81, MAE = 2.15%, RMSE = 2.89% for PWP in training dataset; R² = 0.80, MAE = 2.27%, RMSE = 3.12% for FC and R² = 0.83, MAE = 1.84%, RMSE = 2.40% for PWP in testing dataset. Also, Bayesian Regularization (BR) algorithm exhibited better performance for both FC and PWP than the other training algorithms.     

Ovarian response and embryo yield of Angora and Kilis goats given the day 0 protocol for superovulation in the non-breeding season

The aim of this study was to compare ovarian response and embryo yield of Day 0 protocol in Angora goats (AG) and indigenous Kilis goats (KG) in the non-breeding season. A total of 16 Angora goats (AG group) and 11 Kilis goats (KG group) were used in this study. In the synchronization process, after controlled internal drug release withdrawal, when estrus signs were observed, natural mating was performed. Ovarian response was determined by synchronized laparotomy 6 days after natural mating, and number of corpora lutea (CL) was recorded. Embryos were collected and morphologically evaluated by stereomicroscope. Synchronization rates did not differ between AG (88%, 14/16) and KG group (91%, 10/11). In AG and KG groups, the proportion of CL on the right (44% and 53%, respectively) and left (56% and 47%, respectively) ovaries were similar. The CL number per animal did not differ significantly between the two breeds and was determined as 4.4 ± 0.90 in AG group and 6.4 ± 1.44 in KG group. Transferable embryo yields were significantly higher in AG group (31/42, 74%) compared to KG group (16/46, 35%) in the non-breeding season (P < 0.01). In conclusion, it is suggested that the day 0 protocol can be used for goat superovulation in the non-breeding season; however, transferable embryo yields are affected by the breed.     

Identification of reference genes for real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction based gene expression studies on various Olive (Olea europaea L.) tissues

Reference genes are essential for the normalisation of the expression data of quantitative real-time PCR for the purposes of validation. Although several reference genes have been validated for the olive, comprehensive analyses including an excessive number of candidate reference genes still require study in various olive tissue samples. In this work, a total of 40 candidate reference genes were tested for their stability in 8 different olive tissues (root, apical bud, lateral bud, pedicel, young leaf, mature leaf, fruit mesocarp, and seed) with the utilisation of the most popular software programs including GeNorm, NormFinder, BestKeeper, and ΔC_t. The analyses of expression stability of candidate reference genes using quantitative real-time PCR demonstrated ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (UBC1) as the most stable reference gene for the studied tissues of the olive. The GeNorm software also calculated the optimum reference gene combinations as two which consist of UBC1 and the Clathrin adaptor complex medium subunit (CLATHRIN) genes. This study provides the most stable reference gene combination for normalisation of target genes for quantitative real-time PCR gene expression studies on the olive.     

四川平武黄牛的外貌特征与体尺测定研究

本文报道了平武黄牛主产区生态条件、平武黄牛的外貌特征及体尺测定结果，并与秦川牛、西镇牛及四川现有黄牛品种进行比较，结果表明：平武黄牛在外貌体尺上有别于其它黄牛品种；该品种具有显著的肉用体型，是四川西北深丘典型的偏肉役型牛群。     

犬瘟热自然病例脱髓性脑病发生的机理

为了进一步调查脑组织的髓鞘脱失与神经胶质细胞等成份的关系,用12只犬瘟热自然病例通过病理组织学和免疫组织化学染色法进行了本试验.结果表明:髓鞘脱失部位的脑组织伴有明显的血液循环障碍,即淤血、水肿、血栓形成和弥漫性血管内凝血;少突胶质细胞发生代谢紊乱和凋亡;用抗犬瘟热病毒(CDV)抗体染色,星状胶质细胞呈现强阳性反应;用抗GFAP染色,纤维性星状胶质细胞在脱髓区呈较强阳性反应,用TUNEL染色可检出发生凋亡的星状胶质细胞;一些室管膜细胞也被CDV感染,许多含有包涵体币口凋亡的室管膜细胞在脑室壁被发现;少数神经元变性和皱缩,其核发生浓缩.据此认为,脑组织的髓鞘脱失主要与血液循环障碍和少突胶质细胞的代谢紊乱及凋亡有关;脑组织的髓鞘脱失是许多病因共同作用的结果,并非是一种病因所致.     

钼对羊的中毒性试验

选择杂交波尔山羊8只, 小尾寒羊2只(4组), 分为5组, 前四组每日依次灌服150、100、60、100mg的钼(Na2MoO4·2H2O), 5d后剂量减半; 5组灌自来水。试验45d。结果表明: 试验羊出现磨牙、咳嗽、呻吟、跛行、腹泻及贫血等明显的临床症状。各试验组RBC、Hb和PCV均显著低于对照组; 1组RBC、MCV、MCH极显著低于3组(P<0 01); 4组PCV、MCV、MCH极显著低于2组(P<0 01 ), Hb显著低于2组(P<0 05)。剖检表明, 试验组羊尸体消瘦, 血液稀薄; 肝脏肿大且发生脂肪变性; 肾脏体积肿大, 肾小管上皮细胞肿胀; 肠黏膜肿胀、出血, 小肠壁有红白相间的花斑样病理变化。