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283.
Pernille Lrkedal Sorensen Anders Michelsen Sven Jonasson 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(9):2344-2350
Low temperatures and high soil moisture restrict cycling of organic matter in arctic soils, but also substrate quality, i.e. labile carbon (C) availability, exerts control on microbial activity. Plant exudation of labile C may facilitate microbial growth and enhance microbial immobilization of nitrogen (N). Here, we studied 15N label incorporation into microbes, plants and soil N pools after both long-term (12 years) climate manipulation and nutrient addition, plant clipping and a pulse-addition of labile C to the soil, in order to gain information on interactions among soil N and C pools, microorganisms and plants. There were few effects of long-term warming and fertilization on soil and plant pools. However, fertilization increased soil and plant N pools and increased pool dilution of the added 15N label. In all treatments, microbes immobilized a major part of the added 15N shortly after label addition. However, plants exerted control on the soil inorganic N concentrations and recovery of total dissolved 15N (TD15N), and likewise the microbes reduced these soil pools, but only when fed with labile C. Soil microbes in clipped plots were primarily C limited, and the findings of reduced N availability, both in the presence of plants and with the combined treatment of plant clipping and addition of sugar, suggest that the plant control of soil N pools was not solely due to plant uptake of soil N, but also partially caused by plants feeding labile C to the soil microbes, which enhanced their immobilization power. Hence, the cycling of N in subarctic heath tundra is strongly influenced by alternating release and immobilization by microorganisms, which on the other hand seems to be less affected by long-term warming than by addition or removal of sources of labile C. 相似文献
284.
Climatic warming leads to the expansion of deciduous shrubs and trees in the Arctic. This leads to higher leaf litter inputs, which together with warming may alter the rate of carbon and nutrient cycling in the arctic ecosystems. We assessed effects of factorial warming and additional litter on the soil ecosystem of a subarctic heath in a 7-year-long field experiment. Fine root biomass, dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and total C concentration increased in response to warming, which probably was a result of the increased vegetation cover. Litter addition increased the concentration of inorganic P in the uppermost 5 cm soil, while decreasing the pool of total P per unit area of the organic profile and having no significant effects on N concentrations or pools. Microbial biomass C and N were unaffected by the treatments, while the microbial biomass P increased significantly with litter addition. Soil ergosterol concentration was also slightly increased by the added litter in the uppermost soil, although not statistically significantly. According to a principal component analysis of the phospholipid fatty acid profiles, litter addition differed from the other treatments by increasing the relative proportion of biomarkers for Gram-positive bacteria. The combined warming plus litter addition treatment decreased the soil water content in the uppermost 5 cm soil, which was a likely reason for many interactions between the effects of warming and litter addition. The soil organic matter quality of the combined treatment was also clearly different from the control based on a near-infrared reflectance (NIR) spectroscopic analysis, implying that the treatment altered the composition of soil organic matter. However, it appears that the biological processes and the microbial community composition responded more to the soil and litter moisture conditions than to the change in the quality of the organic matter. 相似文献
285.
Martina?G?b Katharina?Hoffmann Melanie?Lobe Rut?Metzger Sven van?Ooyen Gereon?ElbersEmail author Barbara?K?llner 《Journal of Forest Research》2006,11(2):69-75
Near infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy was tested as a fast method for characterizing the toxic effects of air pollution
on trees. Fagus sylvatica was exposed to known, different levels of ozone during summer of 2003 in plant chambers. Leaves were taken from the plants
and NIR spectra were recorded. In order to derive calibration models, reference analyses were carried out and soluble carbohydrates
were determined by an enzymatic method. Minor components, like α-tocopherol, were measured after solvent extraction using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. A partial least squares (PLS)
algorithm was used to perform the chemometric analyses. Good or in some cases very good calibration statistics expressed in
terms of root mean square error of cross validation and R2 were obtained for glucose, fructose, sucrose, and α-tocopherol. In addition, a better than expected correlation between the NIR spectra of the leaves and the ozone concentration
in the plant chambers was observed. NIR spectroscopy appears to be a very useful method to simultaneously determine many components
in leaves that are related to the health of trees. It is obviously able to quantitatively describe the changing patterns of
constituents in leaves of trees caused by toxic substances. Thus, NIR spectroscopy can be a very effective tool for environmental
biomonitoring, especially for observation of forests. 相似文献
286.
Irfan Nunkoo Mark J Weston Cecile C Reed Carl D van der Lingen Sven Kerwath 《African Zoology》2017,52(4):237-241
Parasites are an important but neglected component of ecosystems that can be used as indicators of host biology and ecology. In the present study, the metazoan parasite assemblage of Ruvettus pretiosus, an understudied but widely distributed predatory gempylid, caught off South Africa was surveyed. A total of seven parasite taxa, including four new infection records (Bolbosoma capitatum, Rhadinorhynchus sp., Hepatoxylon trichiuri and Anisakis sp.), two new locality records (B. capitatum and Rhipidocotyle sp.) as well as the ectoparasitic copepod Sagum foliaceus and the cestode Tentacularia coryphaenae were recovered from the eight specimens examined. 相似文献
287.
The role of soil chemical properties,land use and plant diversity for microbial phosphorus in forest and grassland soils
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Elisabeth Sorkau Steffen Boch Runa S. Boeddinghaus Michael Bonkowski Markus Fischer Ellen Kandeler Valentin H. Klaus Till Kleinebecker Sven Marhan Jörg Müller Daniel Prati Ingo Schöning Marion Schrumpf Jan Weinert Yvonne Oelmann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2018,181(2):185-197
Management intensity modifies soil properties, e.g., organic carbon (Corg) concentrations and soil pH with potential feedbacks on plant diversity. These changes might influence microbial P concentrations (Pmic) in soil representing an important component of the P cycle. Our objectives were to elucidate whether abiotic and biotic variables controlling Pmic concentrations in soil are the same for forests and grasslands, and to assess the effect of region and management on Pmic concentrations in forest and grassland soils as mediated by the controlling variables. In three regions of Germany, Schwäbische Alb, Hanich‐Dün, and Schorfheide‐Chorin, we studied forest and grassland plots (each n = 150) differing in plant diversity and land‐use intensity. In contrast to controls of microbial biomass carbon (Cmic), Pmic was strongly influenced by soil pH, which in turn affected phosphorus (P) availability and thus microbial P uptake in forest and grassland soils. Furthermore, Pmic concentrations in forest and grassland soils increased with increasing plant diversity. Using structural equation models, we could show that soil Corg is the profound driver of plant diversity effects on Pmic in grasslands. For both forest and grassland, we found regional differences in Pmic attributable to differing environmental conditions (pH, soil moisture). Forest management and tree species showed no effect on Pmic due to a lack of effects on controlling variables (e.g., Corg). We also did not find management effects in grassland soils which might be caused by either compensation of differently directed effects across sites or by legacy effects of former fertilization constraining the relevance of actual practices. We conclude that variables controlling Pmic or Cmic in soil differ in part and that regional differences in controlling variables are more important for Pmic in soil than those induced by management. 相似文献