This study investigates the potential use of neem (Azadirachta indica) sawdust treated with hydrochloric acid for the removal of copper (II) and nickel (II) ions from wastewater. The effects
of different system variables, viz, adsorbent dosage, initial metal ion concentration, pH and contact time were studied. The
results showed that as the amount of the adsorbent was increased, the percentage of metal ion removal increased accordingly.
Optimum pH value for metal adsorption is determined as 5.0 for Cu (II) and 4.0 for Ni (II) ions. Maximum metal is sequestered
in 150 min for Cu (II) and 180 min for Ni (II) after the beginning of every experiment. Similar experiments were carried out
with acid treated sawdust to compare the results. The adsorption of metal ions followed a first order rate equation. Both
Freundlich and Langmuir adsorption models are suitable for describing the sorption of Cu (II) and Ni (II) on the two forms
of sawdust. Furthermore, the natural organic matter (neem sawdust) is characterized by FTIR spectra and surface area analysis.
At optimal conditions the maximum adsorption capacity is found to be 48.3 and 286 mg/g for Cu (II) and 31.5 and 74.1 mg/g
for Ni (II) in natural and acid treated forms, respectively. 相似文献
Using the groundnut rust disease (causal agentPuccinia arachidis Speg.) as the bioassay system, two limonoids from the neem tree (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) which evinced antifungal activity, were isolated through extraction, solvent fractionation and HPLC. A polar extract derived through solvent partitioning reduced the disease intensity considerably. The polar extract and the impure HPLC fractions were more effective than the pure compounds in reducing the pustule numbers and, consequently, the disease severity. 相似文献
Four quassinoids, indaquassin C (1), samaderins C (2), B (3) and A (4), isolated from the seeds and bark of Samadera indica, were tested for insect antifeedant and growth regulatory activities against the tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura. Indaquassin C was the most effective antifeedant. Samaderin C increased pupal duration and induced pupal mortality. 相似文献
Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops due to its diverse culinary and health promoting properties. It is a rich source of dietary phytochemicals such as flavonoids and other antioxidants which enhance the medicinal importance of onion. Onion bulb colour is one of the important quality characters actively targeted in breeding programmes. Onion bulbs with red, white, yellow, golden, pink, chartreuse, etc. colour are available and this variation is due to the mutations in structural and regulatory genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The genetics of bulb colour variation is very complex and involves multiple genes and their interactions. Further, these flavonoid compounds and their derivatives play diverse roles in plant development and stress tolerance in plants. Here, we review the biosynthesis of flavonoids, genetics and multiple alleles of genes for onion bulb colour, metabolic engineering, flavonoid in biotic and abiotic stress response and effect of cultural and storage practices on onion flavonoids. 相似文献
Present technological development and innovation needs a better class of material that meets all the practical applications along with its environmental friendly nature and economical value. Hybrid natural fiber composites, a sector of natural composites meets these requirements. This paper deals with fabrication, mechanical characterization of a hybrid (Jute+Flax+GFRP) composite and also the comparison of it with the (Jute+GFRP) based composite. These composites are fabricated using hand lay-up technique. The arrangement of hybrid composite is such that a layer of vertically laid flax fiber is flanked between layers of horizontally laid jute fiber. Epoxy resin alongside with HY951 hardener is used as the binding agent throughout the layer. Glass fiber laminates are used on both sides for improving the surface finish and surface hardness. The volumetric fraction is such that one third of total volume is occupied by Jute and Flax fibers. Test results shows that the hybrid natural composite has excellent properties under tensile, flexural loading. At last failure morphology analysis is done using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and the internal structure of the broken specimen is discussed. 相似文献
Bitter gourd (Momordica charantia), a commonly consumed vegetable is used as an adjunct in the management of diabetes mellitus. A study was carried out to
examine the effect of edible portion of bitter gourd at 10% level in the diet in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats. To
evaluate the glycaemic control of bitter gourd during diabetes, diet intake, gain in body weight, water intake, urine sugar,
urine volume, glomerular filtration rate and fasting blood glucose profiles were monitored. Water consumption, urine volume
and urine sugar were significantly higher in diabetic controls compared to normal rats and bitter gourd feeding alleviated
this rise during diabetes by about 30%. Renal hypertrophy was higher in diabetic controls and bitter gourd supplementation,
partially, but effectively prevented it (38%) during diabetes. Increased glomerular filtration rate in diabetes was significantly
reduced (27%) by bitter gourd. An amelioration of about 30% in fasting blood glucose was observed with bitter gourd feeding
in diabetic rats. These results clearly provided experimental evidence that dried bitter gourd powder in the diet at 10% level
improved diabetic status signifying its beneficial effect during diabetes. 相似文献
The present study was conducted to study the antibiotic resistance pattern among nontyphoidal Salmonella isolated from human, animal and meat. A total of 37 Salmonella strains isolated from clinical cases (human and animal) and meat during 2008–2009 belonging to 12 serovars were screened
for their antimicrobial resistance pattern using 25 antimicrobial agents falling under 12 different antibiotic classes. All
the Salmonella isolates tested showed multiple drug resistance varying from 5.40% to 100% with 16 of the 25 antibiotics tested. None of
the isolates were sensitive to erythromycin and metronidazole. Resistance was also observed against clindamycin (94.59%),
ampicillin (86.49%), co-trimoxazole (48.65%), colistin (45.94%), nalidixic acid (35.10%), amoxyclave (18.90%), cephalexin,
meropenem, tobramycin, nitrofurantoin, tetracycline, amoxicillin (8.10% each), sparfloxacin and streptomycin (5.40% each).
Isolates from clinical cases of animals were resistant to as many as 16 antibiotics, whereas isolates from human clinical
cases and meat were resistant to 9 and 14 antibiotics, respectively. Overall, 19 resistotypes were recorded. Analysis of multiple
antibiotic resistance index (MARI) indicated that clinical isolates from animals had higher MARI (0.25) as compared to isolates
from food (0.22) and human (0.21). Among the different serotypes studied for antibiogram, Paratyhi B isolates, showed resistance
to three to 13 antibiotics, whereas Typhimurium strains were resistant to four to seven antibiotics. Widespread multidrug
resistance among the isolates from human, animal and meat was observed. Some of the uncommon serotypes exhibited higher resistance
rate. Considerable changes in the resistance pattern were also noted. An interesting finding was the reemergence of sensitivity
to some of the old antibiotics (chloromphenicol, tetracycline). 相似文献
1. A study was undertaken to characterise the oncogene Meq at the molecular level for three serotype 1 Marek’s disease virus (MDV) field isolates from vaccinated poultry flocks which had encountered a Marek’s disease outbreak in the southern part of India. The isolates were named Ind/TN/11/01, Ind/KA/12/02 and Ind/TN/12/03. The oncogene Meq was amplified by PCR and sequenced.
2. The isolates were shown to have a homology for the Meq gene of 99.1–99.8% with various isolates from China and 98.5–99.2% with isolates from Europe and the USA. Alignment analysis of the nucleotide sequences showed that nucleotide mutations at 5 different positions in the Meq gene displayed perfect regularity in MDVs circulating in the southern part of India, which could be considered as features of field MDVs recently prevalent in this area.
3. In addition, the mutation in the Meq gene at positions 251, 260 and 437 was unique and coincides with very virulent strains from China GX0101, GXY2 and a Hungarian strain ATE. The mutation at positions 283 and 300 was unique and coincides with the very virulent strain ATE of Hungary. There were also single nucleotide mutations at positions 155 (A–T), 369 (A–C), 462 (C–A) and 548 (C–T) observed in the isolate Ind/TN/12/03.
4. Phylogenetic analysis of Meq sequences revealed that field MDVs in this area evolved independently but have similarities with very virulent strains from China, and that Meq has more similarities with the very virulent Hungarian strain. 相似文献