考虑摩擦特性时过盈量对轴承预紧力的影响

针对航天机构中轴承轴向预紧力精确确定的问题,基于静力学和弹性力学,在考虑配合尺寸、摩擦特性的基础上,研究了轴承预紧力与拧紧力矩的关系。利用锁紧螺母拧紧力矩与轴向力的关系,确定施加于轴承上的轴向力;根据摩擦力与摩擦特性及装配尺寸的关系,分析摩擦力对轴向力的截留作用;通过轴承力平衡方程组,对实际预紧力进行理论分析。文中研究了配合尺寸及摩擦特性对预紧力的影响,揭示了不同装配下预紧力随拧紧力矩的变化规律。研究结果表明:对轴承71807C预紧力结果进行分析,发现相同拧紧力矩下,过盈量增0.5μm,轴向力中约有123 N的力被截留;且摩擦系数增加0.05,轴向力截留率增大约13%。过盈量越大,轴承与主轴间摩擦力对轴向力的截留作用越大,预紧力对应的拧紧力矩越大;相比加热炉加热,油槽加热降低了配合区域的摩擦系数,加载相同的拧紧力矩时使轴承预紧力较大。经试验验证,该理论分析可以确定施加的预紧力,又可以提高装配质量。该研究建立预紧力测量的理论计算模型,并可用此模型较精确地确定预紧力,为轴承预紧力设计和装配提供参考。     

Comparative study of crude and purified cellulose from wheat straw

A sequential totally chlorine-free procedure for isolation of cellulose from wheat straw was proposed in this study. The dewaxed straw was pretreated with 0.5 M NaOH in 60% methanol at 60 degrees C for 2.5 h under ultrasonic irradiation for 0-35 min and sequentially posttreated with 2% H(2)O(2)-0.2% TAED at pH 11.8 for 12 h at 48 degrees C, which together solubilized 85.3-86.1% of the original hemicelluloses and 91.7-93.2% of the original lignin, respectively. The yield of crude cellulose ranged between 46.2 and 49.2% on a dry weight basis related to wheat straw, which contained 11.2-12.2% residual hemicelluloses and 2.5-2.9% remaining lignin. Further treatment of the corresponding crude cellulosic preparations with 80% acetic acid-70% nitric acid under the condition given yielded 36.8-37.7% of the purified cellulose, which contained minor amounts of bound hemicelluloses (2.5-2.8%) and was relatively free of associated lignin (0.1-0.2%). The isolated crude and purified cellulose samples were comparatively studied by FT-IR and CP/MAS (13)C NMR spectroscopy, and the relative crystallinity was also estimated. The final stage treatment with 80% acetic acid-70% nitric acid decreased the hemicelluloses and lignin associated in the crude cellulose but led to 3.1-5.4% degradation of the original cellulose; in addition, the purity of the obtained cellulose was high. However, it was found that the final stage treatment is not severe enough to cause decrystallization of cellulose. The thermal stability of the purified cellulose is higher than that of the corresponding crude cellulose.     

氮肥对大白菜硝酸盐累积的影响及合理施用量研究

对宁夏灌淤旱耕人为土氮(N)肥与大白菜产量及菜体和土体中硝酸盐累积的关系进行了田间试验研究。结果表明,在设计范围内,银川平原复种大白菜的产量及净菜率与施N量成正比;施N肥增加大白菜硝酸盐含量;复种大白菜的最高产量施N量为448.5㎏/hm2,最佳产量施N量为427.5㎏/hm2;大白菜外叶硝酸盐含量高于内叶,内叶硝酸盐含量随施N肥量的增加而增加,外叶硝酸盐含量在高施N时,随生育期延长而增加;施用N肥明显增加土体各土层中的硝态N含量。     

几种土壤结构改良剂的制备及其效用

近年来不少地区土壤中有机质减少,土壤结构状态变劣,成为生产上极需解决的问题。改良土壤结构,除多施有机肥料^[3,4],种植牧草等措施外,施用以天然的有机物及无机物制备的,或人工合成的高分子有机化合物,也是很有效的办法^[1]。本文介绍了几种土壤结构改良剂的研制及其效应,初步证明施用土壤结构改良剂能有效地增加土壤中团粒结构,改善作物生长条件,有利于提高产量。     

阴离子对加入到土壤中的铅吸附与提取的影响

The effect of accompanying anions on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb added in soils was studied by using bach equilibria and incubation-extraction mothods.Pb concentration ranged between 0.48-2.41 mM in the adsorption experiment,and Pb added to soil from 2.14 to 19.31mM Pb/kg with an incubation time of 2-16 weeks in the incubation-extraction test in which 1M NH4OAc(pH 7) was taken as an extraction agent,and the Pb compounds used are PbCl2,Pb(NO3)2 and Pb(OAc)2.The values of pH50 for Pb retention and the parameters,b and k values,of Langmuir equation were used to distinguish the difference of adsorbability and extractability of Pb affected by anions,respectively.Judging from the results of either pH50 value or b value,the influences of Cl^- and NO3^- on the adsorbability and extractability of Pb in soils were similar but quite different from those of OAc^-.The relative loading capacities of soils to Pb calculated according to the extraction rate showed that the values of Pb(OAc)2 were higher than those of PbCl2 and Pb(NO3)2.     

Very low vitamin C activity of orally administered L-dehydroascorbic acid.

The biological activity of L-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA), which is easily formed from L-ascorbic acid (ASC) during storage and cooking processes, has been considered to be equivalent to that of ASC on the basis of studies made several decades ago, when a specific method to determine ASC was not available. The nutritional activity of orally ingested DHA has now been evaluated by comparing ASC concentrations in 12 tissues of rats administered four different doses of ASC. Determinations were made by using the specific and sensitive method, which had been developed by us. Here it is shown that the efficiency of DHA was almost 10% of that of ASC on a molar basis, based on animal experiments using the inherently scorbutic ODS rat, which is a convenient human model animal to investigate the metabolism of vitamin C. On the basis of these findings, it is proposed that it is necessary to reevaluate the nutritional requirement of vitamin C based on both ASC and DHA contents of foods.     

小麦种子发芽率近红外定量分析模型的优化

The backward interval partial least squares (BiPLS) and the synergy interval partial least squares (SiPLS) were applied to select the characteristic spectral regions representing the germination rate of 84 wheat seeds and build the near infrared (NIR) quantitative analysis model of wheat seed germination rate.Results from comparison showed that the models built by two variable selection methods had better predictive ability than full-spectral partial least squares(PLS) model.The optimal model was obtained by SiPLS with the calibration and prediction correlation coefficient(R) at 0.902 and 0.967 respectively, and ratio of performance to standard deviate (RPD) at 3.75.Based on this, the physical chemistry significance of characteristic spectral regions was analyzed.The characteristic spectral of wheat seed germination rate contained characteristic peaks of water, protein, starch, fiber, which were the internal nutrients of the seed that influence the germination ability, thus explaining the mechanism of measuring wheat seed germination rate using NIR to a certain extent.     

瓦斯浓度红外检测噪声消除方法研究

将数学方法与实验方法相结合,通过测量信号和参考信号的比值,消除由于光源的不稳定及其他因素引起的检测误差、外界环境引起的误差等,并利用数学方法推导得到计算方程。实验结果验证此类方法的可行性,可有效消除井下复杂恶劣环境带来的一系列噪声干扰,包括检测系统固有的性能误差和外部环境引起的干扰误差。     

红豆杉扦插育苗试验研究

对红豆杉扦插育苗进行了多年试验研究,试验结果：采用黄壤土50％＋细黄沙50％为扦插基质,插穗浸泡使用浓度为100mg／L的ABT1号生根促进剂,秋季进行扦插,扦插成活率可达80％以上。扦插环境的温度、湿度和基质的保水透气性是影响扦插成活率的重要因素。     

3种植物源药剂对天幕毛虫的毒力测定

为了有效、持续地控制天幕毛虫对林木的危害,并尽量避免害虫防治时破坏生态环境,试验采用低毒无公害的植物源药剂对其3龄幼虫进行室内毒力测定,结果表明：木烟碱5 000倍液的毒杀作用效果最好,校正死亡率可以达到97.73%,而木烟碱的10 000倍液1、5 000倍液、20 000倍液的效果次之,校正死亡率分别是95.45%、86.36%、90.91%;苦参碱的4个浓度的药剂的防治效果不明显,校正死亡率分别是20.45%、47.72%、47.72%、43.17%：豚草效果最差,校正死亡率仅为20.44%、15.9%、40.9%、40.9%。