Marketing and distribution of walleye pollock: past,current and future developments

In this paper, we examine the structure and change of the walleye pollock industry from a marketing and distribution perspective. Our focus is not only on industrial internationalisation, but also on local industry and community utilisation of walleye pollock. This is a subject of interest because its diverse utilisation has the potential to promote industrial management as well as the livelihood of local communities. We reason that Japan’s weakness in marketing, distribution and price setting of walleye pollock is largely due to its lack of competitiveness in the world market. Given the rapid decline of walleye pollock utilisation by local industry and society, it is of critical importance to take steps towards a long-term solution considering the rapid decline of walleye pollock use by our local industry and society. Our analysis indicates that Japan’s walleye pollock industry is inherently resilient, with diverse commodity chains, business flexibility and traditional food culture. However, as local industry and community have been reducing use of walleye pollock over time, there is a need to restore and reactivate the local society.     

Sequence of 16S rRNA gene of rat-origin cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus SMR strain

The 16S rRNA gene of the SMR strain of cilia-associated respiratory (CAR) bacillus, which was isolated from a spontaneously infected rat at our institute, was sequenced. Its 1,521 nucleotides were determined. On the basis of the results of the sequence analysis, the SMR strain was found to be most closely related to members of the Flavobacter/Flexibacter group. This sequence was compared with the previously determined 16S rRNA gene sequences (rat-origin: three; mouse-origin: one; rabbit-origin: one) of CAR bacillus isolates. The SMR strain showed the highest sequence similarity (99.9%) to the rat-origin CARB-NIH strain (Schoeb et al., 1993), and it was concluded that the strains are identical.     

Fatal winter dysentery with severe anemia in an adult cow

An adult dairy cow fatally affected with winter dysentery was investigated pathologically and virologically. The cow had severe anemia and diarrhea with massive blood. Pathologically, the loss of surface epithelial cells and necrosis of crypt epithelial cells in the large intestine were observed. Bovine coronavirus (BCV) antigen was observed in necrotic crypt epithelial cells of the large intestine. Virus particles were found in the necrotic epithelial cells of the large intestine. Virologically, BCV was isolated from the feces of the dead cow. The dead cow had no serum antibody against BCV although the co-habitants did. These suggest that severe infection of BCV in the cow without the BCV antibody accompanied by severe hemorrhagic anemia resulted in the cow's death.     

Relationship between serum biochemical values and marbling scores in Japanese Black steers.

In order to obtain available biochemical parameters related to the marbling score (MS), by which the meat was graded from 1 to 12 in Japan, serum biochemical values were examined in 13 Japanese Black steers during the fattening stages. The steers were divided into high MS (8-11) and low MS (4-5) groups and the fattening stage was also divided into 4 stages according to their feed contents; Stage I (11-13 month-old; 0-4 months after the fattening (af)), II (5-9 months af), III (10-14 months af), and IV (15-20 months af). High MS group showed significantly higher levels in glucose and urea nitrogen (at Stage I), albumin/globulin ratio (at Stage II), and magnesium (at Stage I and III), and lower level in vitamin A (at Stage III) than low MS group. These biochemical parameters, indicating conditions of steers during the fattening stages, are considered to have a possibility related to MS in fattening steers.     

Harvest index and evoluation of major food crop cultivars in the tropics

Summary Relative importance of harvest index (I) and total biomass yield (B) to economic yield (Y) was assessed in several food crops at different levels of environmental productivity. Importance of B is generally higher in low than high yielding environments, while that of I is higher in high than low yielding environments. In some crops B is important throughout different yield levels while in others I is important even in low yielding environments.Past efforts by anonymous farmers have consummated a good part of genetic improvement of crop yields through improvement in B. Many venerable land cultivars of grain crops, adapted to unimproved, limited-input cultural conditions, evolved through this process. The same process may not have thoroughly exhausted the yield improvement opportunity through improving I. Success in yield improvement by modern breeding has been limited mainly to high-input cultural conditions characterized by higher soil fertility and irrigation mainly through improvement in I. Varietal improvement possibility for less productive environments is discussed.     

Characterization of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolated from retail raw chicken meat in Japan

Two isolates of mecA-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) from retail raw chicken meat were characterized by phenotypic and genotypic methods. One isolate showed the human biovar, coagulase type III, phage group I * III, the lack of production of enterotoxins and TSST-1, and resistance to PCG/ABPC/EM/GM/KM. The other isolate showed the human biovar, coagulase type III, phage group III, production of enterotoxin C and TSST-1, and resistance to PCG/ABPC/CEZ. The biotyping results indicate that the two isolates showed characteristics of human S. aureus. They also harbored SCCmec type IV, which has prevalently been found in community-acquired MRSA isolates. This paper is the first publication regarding MRSA isolates from raw chicken meat in Japan.