烤烟气候性斑点病与植株和土壤的营养关系

针对在玉溪市烤烟生产上常发生的烤烟气候性斑点病问题,采用田间调查、采集配对样品与室内检测分析相结合的方法,以根际土壤及植株各部位叶片等为探索对象,从病害在田间分布及叶片养分变化等方面开展了研究.结果表明,在烤烟初花期气候性斑点病发生叶位以第4～7叶位(由下至上)的叶片发生较多(占83.5%);发生气候性斑点病的烟株,内因是由于植株N、Ca、Mg含量过高而K含量不足,从而提高了N/K、Mg、/K及Ca/K比值,导致N、K、Ca、Mg营养不平衡,而外因气候条件只是一个诱发因子.其根本原因是由于土壤有效氮(特别是速效的NO3与NH4+)及交换性Ca、Mg含量过高,有效K含量过低所致.     

Soil management options for Alfisols in the semi-arid tropics: annual and perennial crop production

A field experiment was conducted in the semi arid tropics to study the effects of soil structural modification on cropping systems. The aim was to improve crop production and land resource protection using innovative soil management practices. Tillage, mulch and perennial/annual rotational based systems were compared for 5 years in an Alfisol at ICRISAT in India. Crop yield parameters, including grain and biomass yield, leaf area index, crop cover, and plant height were measured. Results indicate significant benefits to annual crop yield (maize, sorghum) from improved water supply due to mulching with farmyard manure or and rice straw, and due to rotation with prior-perennial crops. Grain yields were 16 to 59% higher in mulched treatments compared to unmulched treatments, with similar increases for fodder yields. Annual crop yields after 4 years of perennials were 14 to 81% higher than unmulched treatments, except for low fertility maize grown after buffel grass. The interaction with chemical fertility was less clear than for water supply. The results have implications for soil management throughout the semi-arid tropics.     

Laying Performance of Broiler Breeder Chickens Fed Various Millets or Broken Rice as a Source of Energy at a Constant Nutrient Intake

Laying performance, egg quality and carcase traits were recorded in broiler breeders (29–48 weeks of age) fed diets in which pearl millet (Pennisetum typhoides), finger millet (Eleusine coracana), foxtail millet (Setaria italica) or broken rice fully replaced yellow maize (50% of the diet) from the reference diet. Constant ratios of metabolizable energy to other nutrients were maintained in all the diets. Each diet provided 1.38 MJ metabolizable energy (ME)/bird per day to 8 replicate groups of 10 layers each, maintained in deep litter pens.The hen-day egg production and the ME required to produce 12 eggs in birds fed pearl millet or broken rice were similar (p>0.05) to those fed on the maize diet, while birds fed foxtail millet or finger millet required more energy to produce the same number of eggs. The egg production and the efficiency of energy utilization were significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the birds fed these two cereals. Egg quality was not affected by replacing maize with the different cereals. However, the yolk colour index was significantly (p<0.05) reduced in the cereal-fed groups in comparison to the maize-fed birds. The gizzard and giblet weights were heavier (p<0.05) in the birds fed foxtail millet or finger millet than in those fed broken rice. Deposition of abdominal fat and the liver fat content were significantly (p<0.05) higher in the birds fed pearl millet than in the other groups. Depending on the local prices, the cost of feeding may be reduced considerably by using any of the cereals tested as the principal energy source in place of maize in broiler breeder diets.     

文心兰品种变异RAPD分子检测技术的建立及应用

通过对DNA提取方法的改良,随机引物的选择、RAPD反应条件的筛选,建立文心兰品种变异RAPD分子标记检测技术。利用该技术对3个母本园品种和1个试管苗品种进行RAPD检测,结果是品种“黄金2号”和“黄金3号”未发现变异;7个引物对品种“新奇士”共扩增出63条清晰带,3个样品带型发生变化,样品变异率为10％;14个引物对“黄金2号”试管苗共扩增出119条清晰带,9个样品带型发生变化,样品变异率为9．4％。结果表明,该技术能有效用于文心兰品种的变异检测。     

一例引起史氏鲟鱼创口感染的病原菌分离与鉴定

分离和鉴定引起史氏鲟鱼创口感染的病原菌,为史氏鲟鱼疾病防治提供科学依据。本实验分析了一例刚捕获的患有经微创手术后创口感染疾病的史氏鲟腐败肉和肝脏的细菌菌相,分离获得优势菌株YSJ01,对优势菌进行了形态学、药物敏感性试验、动物感染试验和VITEK全自动微生物分析系统鉴定。结果显示：菌株YSJ01为革兰氏阳性菌;VITEK全自动微生物系统鉴定菌株YSJ01为致病性嗜水气单胞菌;动物感染试验证明：史氏鲟经创伤感染后表现为创口溃烂的典型症状;药敏试验结果表明：菌株YSJ01对氟苯尼考、复方新诺明、大观霉素、利福平、强力霉素、卡那霉素等9种药物敏感。对青霉素、氨苄西林、羧苄青霉素、万古霉素、新生霉素、土霉素、萘啶酸、阿莫西林、林可霉素等表现出耐药性。本研究为南方史氏鲟鱼经微创手术后创口感染疾病的防治提供了重要的实验依据。     

高校产业发展与科技创新

以高校产业发展为背景,探讨了我国高校产业发展的现状及其制约因素,提出科技创新是高校产业发展的基础、保证和动力,其中最主要的是体制创新、管理创新、机制创新和产学研有机结合。     

Canopy management possibilities for arboreal Leucaena in mixed sorghum and livestock small farm production systems in semi-arid India

A major problem for small farmers in the semi-arid tropics is the chronic shortage of fodder for draft animals. Leucaena leucocephala has improved productivity in many places in India and in various cropping systems, usually as either a pure crop or in a hedgerow alley-cropping configuration. Mixed cropping with arboreal forms is seldom seen. For off-season fodder production, hedgerows have the disadvantage of being open to unmanaged browsing when unfenced (as is usual). Arboreal forms are generally far less vulnerable. In this paper, the components of production of sorghum and arboreal Leucaena are measured under different intensities of canopy lopping. The most productive management system of those examined was pollarding of the Leucaena at the time of under-sowing with sorghum. In a year with less than 50% of average seasonal rainfall, this system gave a yield of 4.6 tonnes/ha/yr fresh wt fodder and 3.8 tonnes/ha/yr dry wt. of fuel harvests, while increasing the standing crop of wood by 1.8 t/ha/yr and retaining a yield of sorghum grain equivalent to 46% of pure sorghum cropping; the LER of this system was 1.35. Cash values of the alternative management systems were estimated, including the discounted Net Present Value of the standing crop of timber. Maximum value was attained with unlopped pure crop Leucaena followed by pollarded Leucaena with sorghum; pure crop sorghum achieved a lower value. These results demonstrate both the high productivity of Leucaena/sorghum based systems, and the stability of production even in poor rainfall conditions. Pollarding transferred the high future value of Leucaena timber to the present value of sorghum grain and fuelwood.     

Chilled Storage of Pangasianodon hypophthalmus Fillets Coated with Plant Oil Incorporated Alginate Gels: Effect of Clove Leaf,Clove Bud,Rosemary and Thyme Oils

Essential oil incorporated alginate coating provides a novel way to improve the safety and shelf life of pangasius (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus) fillet. Oils from the leaves and buds of clove, flowering tops of rosemary, and dried seeds of thyme were incorporated separately in alginate coating. All the plant oils showed antibacterial activity, but the zone of inhibition was relatively larger for thyme oil. Alginate coating was performed using sodium alginate (1.5%), glycerol (10%), and calcium chloride (2%) and plant oil at 1% (v/v). The coated fillets were stored under chilled conditions and samples were analyzed for bacteriological, chemical, sensory, color, and texture parameters. Psychrotrophic counts crossed 7 log cfu/g by the 13^th day and 15^th day of chilled storage in control and plant oil treated fillets, respectively. The peroxide value of treated fillets was relatively low. Texture profile analysis indicated that plant oil incorporated alginate coating reduced the rate of loss of texture (softening) during chilled storage. Plant essential oil incorporated alginate gels were relatively better compared to control fillets in preserving pangasius fillet quality during chilled storage, and incorporation of thyme oil was relatively better compared to clove leaf oil, clove bud oil, and rosemary oils.     

Root traits of different crops under rainfed conditions in the High Barind Tract of Bangladesh

Root traits of six different crops grown on residual soil moisture in the post–rainy season in the High Barind Tract (HBT) of Bangladesh were investigated to better understand their adaptation to this moisture‐limited environment. Deep‐rooting chickpea is the currently favored rainfed crop grown after rainy‐season rice in the HBT, but it is necessary to identify alternative crops to chickpea in order to avoid buildup of pests and diseases. Averaged over 2 y, barley (1.72 Mg ha^–1) produced significantly more grain than chickpea (1.4 Mg ha^–1) which, in turn, yielded better than linseed (1.0 Mg ha^–1), wheat (0.93 Mg ha^–1), and mustard (0.77 Mg ha^–1). Lentil did not produce any grain at all. Grain yield for all crops increased as total root length increased above a threshold value of 0.05 to 0.1 km m^–2. In general, grain yield increased as the proportion of total root produced below 60 cm depth increased, although barley also had thin roots that could more effectively extract soil moisture. Expression of root traits varied considerably between seasons, which was attributable to the different rainfall patterns and bulk‐density characteristics of the soil profile in the 2 years of the study. Although favorable root traits, particularly rooting ability below 60 cm, are a prerequisite for acceptable yield levels of crops grown on residual soil moisture in the HBT, it is recognized that farmers' choice of a post‐rice crop will depend on its economic return or food‐security value.     

Effect of air-drying treatment on enzymatic activities of soils affected by anthropogenic activities

The influence of air-drying on dehydrogenase, invertase, -glucosidase, urease, phosphatase, arylsulphatase and phenoloxidase activities was measured in three soils affected by anthropogenic activities and in control soils sampled from neighbouring areas. The air-drying changed enzyme activity, but the behaviour was neither site-specific nor enzyme-sensitive. Canonical discriminant analysis of enzymatic activities of both moist fresh and air-dried samples was able to discriminate between altered and unaltered soils irrespective of the site. Numerical alteration indices were developed as a linear function of the seven enzyme activities and the one obtained from fresh sample data was more successful. Air-drying apparently alters in unpredictable ways enzyme activities of soils, which could lead to misinterpretation of results.