Establishing marine protected areas through bottom‐up processes: insights from two contrasting initiatives in Chile

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Orthotropic hygric and mechanical material properties of oak wood

The present study examines the three-dimensional hygric and mechanical behavior of oak wood. The moisture equilibrium state, characterized by the sorption isotherms, was obtained from measurements taken during adsorption and desorption cycles. Sorption behavior was analyzed with the Dent theory and compared considering the sorption direction (adsorption/desorption cycle). Sorption parameters were provided for possible numerical applications in hygric material models. The corresponding swelling and shrinkage behavior was examined and characterized by the moisture expansion parameters for all anatomical directions. Orthotropic mechanical material behavior was characterized by determining the elastic engineering (Young's moduli, shear moduli, and Poisson's ratios) and the bending, compressive and compressive shear strength material parameters. Influence of moisture content (MC) on the mechanical material properties was studied using Young's moduli, Poisson's ratios, and the investigated strength parameters. A significant difference between the sorption behavior in adsorption and desorption, known as the hysteresis effect, could be proved. Furthermore, swelling and shrinkage behavior did not show any dependency on the adsorption/desorption cycle. The results confirm the significant influence of MC on the Young's moduli and the strength properties, however, did not validate an influence on the Poisson's ratios.     

Impact of anthropogenic induced nitrogen input and liming on phosphorus leaching in forest soils

Phosphorus (P) is essential for sustainable forest growth, yet the impact of anthropogenic impacts on P leaching losses from forest soils is hardly known. We conducted an irrigation experiment with 128 mesocosms from three forest sites representing a gradient of resin extractable P of the A‐horizon. On each site we selected a Fagus sylvatica and a Picea abies managed subsite. We simulated ambient rain (AR), anthropogenic nitrogen input (NI) of 100 kg (ha · a)^?1 and forest liming (FL) with a dolomite input of 0.3 Mg (ha · a)^?1. Soil solution was extracted from the organic layer, 10 cm depth and 20 cm depth of the mesocosms, and analyzed for molybdate reactive phosphorus (MRP) and molybdate unreactive phosphorus (MUP). Additionally, we separated colloids from the soil solution using Asymmetric Field Flow Fractionation for assessing the colloidal fraction of total element concentrations. NI increased MRP and MUP concentrations for all plots with one exception, while FL decreased MRP and MUP with the exception of another plot. While the irrigation treatments had little impact on the P‐richest site, MRP and MUP concentrations changed strongly at the poorer sites. The colloidal fraction of P in the soil solution equaled 38–47% of the total P load. Nitrogen input and liming also affected the Fe, Al, Ca, and Corg contents of the colloidal fraction.     

Clinical Trial: Marine Lipid Suppositories as Laxatives

Cod-liver oil and other marine products containing polyunsaturated fatty acids have anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and anti-viral effects and may be useful in the treatment of various inflammatory and infectious diseases. We developed suppositories and ointment with 30% free fatty acid (FFA) extract from omega-3 fish oil. Our purpose was to evaluate the safety of marine lipid suppositories and ointment in healthy volunteers and to explore the laxative effect of the suppositories. Thirty healthy volunteers were randomized either to a study group administrating 30% FFA suppositories and applying 30% FFA ointment to the perianal region twice per day for two weeks, or to a control group using placebo suppositories and ointment in a double blinded manner. Results: No serious toxic effects or irritation were observed. In the study group 93% felt the urge to defecate after administration of the suppositories as compared to 37% in the control group (P = 0.001). Subsequently 90% in the study group defecated, compared to 33% in the control group (P = 0.001). Conclusion: The marine lipid suppositories and ointment were well tolerated with no significant toxic side effects observed during the study period. The suppositories have a distinct laxative effect and we aim to explore this effect in further clinical trials.     

Analysis and occurrence of 14 sulfonamide antibacterials and chloramphenicol in honey by solid-phase extraction followed by LC/MS/MS analysis

A method was developed for the analysis of 14 sulfonamide antibiotics and chloramphenicol in honey. These antibiotics have been banned for use in food-producing animals; yet, their residues were found in many samples, illustrating the need for a multiresidue analysis for these antibiotics in honey. The method described here uses an acid hydrolysis step to liberate the sugar-bound sulfonamides followed by a solid-phase extraction to remove potential interferences. Analysis was by liquid chromatography--electrospray ionization--tandem mass spectrometry in negative mode for all 15 analytes. This MRM method generated two structurally significant transitions per compound, and it was designed to conform to U.S. Food and Drug Administration MS confirmation guidelines. It also provides 4-EU identification points. One hundred sixteen samples from 25 countries were analyzed, and 38% were found to contain at least one target antimicrobial. Five different target compounds were found in honey from 13 different countries.     

The Collembola community of pure and mixed stands of beech (Fagus sylvatica) and spruce (Picea abies) of different age

The idea of establishing mixed forests that are better adapted to site conditions than spruce monocultures has attracted increasing attention of forest owners and governmental institutions over the last decades. Currently, beech is being replanted and an increasing proportion of German forests are mixed stands. Focusing on the reaction of the soil fauna to forest conversion, this study investigates the response of the Collembola community to replacement of beech by spruce or by mixed stands of beech and spruce. Stands of different age were investigated in a factorial design with the factors stand type (beech, spruce and mixed stands) and stand age (30 and 120 years). Collembola communities did not differ strongly between stand types and stand age and were dominated by Folsomia quadrioculata and Mesaphorura species (e.g. Mesaphorura macrochaeta). Moreover, neither total abundance of Collembola nor densities of the fungal feeding euedaphic Onychiurinae and Tullbergiinae significantly responded to stand type and stand age. The density of the epedaphic and partly herbivorous groups Symphypleona/Neelipleona and Entomobryidae in the 120-year-old stands significantly exceeded that in the 30-year-old stands; presumably, this was due to the well developed herb layer in the 120-year-old stands with more open canopies. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) of the Collembola community of the L/F horizon also indicated that most of the epigeic species were associated with the 120-year-old stands. Moreover, the diversity of Collembola significantly increased with forest age which likely reflects increased amount and diversity of food resources in the 120-year-old stands. The density of the hygrophilous species Fo. quadrioculata was significantly higher in the spruce than in the beech stands; probably this was due to the higher water content in litter of the spruce stands. Moreover, the results of the CCAs indicated that soil pH is an important structuring force for the Collembola communities. Overall, the results suggest that stand type and forest age impact Collembola communities, presumably via changes in the amount and quality of food resources, such as living plant and herb litter materials. The pronounced changes which occurred with forest age likely were related to the development of more dense and diverse herb layer in mature forests which provides additional food resources in particular for epedaphic species. On the other hand, dominant species/functional groups of Collembola, such as hemiedaphic species, appear to depend predominantly on abiotic factors, most importantly soil pH and soil water content.