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51.
S. M. M. Nakayama Y. Ikenaka A. Hayami H. Mizukawa W. S. Darwish K. P. Watanabe Y. K. Kawai M. Ishizuka 《Journal of veterinary pharmacology and therapeutics》2016,39(5):478-487
Research on drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics in large animal species including the horse is scarce because of the challenges in conducting in vivo studies. The metabolic reactions catalyzed by cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are central to drug pharmacokinetics. This study elucidated the characteristics of equine CYPs using diazepam (DZP) as a model compound as this drug is widely used as an anesthetic and sedative in horses, and is principally metabolized by CYPs. Diazepam metabolic activities were measured in vitro using horse and rat liver microsomes to clarify the species differences in enzyme kinetic parameters of each metabolite (temazepam [TMZ], nordiazepam [NDZ], p‐hydroxydiazepam [p‐OH‐DZP], and oxazepam [OXZ]). In both species microsomes, TMZ was the major metabolite, but the formation rate of p‐OH‐DZP was significantly less in the horse. Inhibition assays with a CYP‐specific inhibitors and antibody suggested that CYP3A was the main enzyme responsible for DZP metabolism in horse. Four recombinant equine CYP3A isoforms expressed in Cos‐7 cells showed that CYP3A96, CYP3A94, and CYP3A89 were important for TMZ formation, whereas CYP3A97 exhibited more limited activity. Phylogenetic analysis suggested diversification of CYP3As in each mammalian order. Further study is needed to elucidate functional characteristics of each equine CYP3A isoform for effective use of diazepam in horses. 相似文献
52.
To determine the independent decomposition rates of lignin and cellulose of decayed woody debris, a technique for the rapid analysis of lignin and cellulose is required. We applied a near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) technique to measure the lignin and holocellulose content in decayed wood. We succeeded in creating partial least-squares (PLS) models to estimate the lignin and holocellulose content in the decayed wood of five species using NIR spectra. Although the accuracy was acceptable for the estimation of a five-species mixed model (R 2 = 0.970 for lignin and R 2 = 0.962 for holocellulose), it was further improved when the model was applied to each species independently. This combination of NIRS and a PLS model is a valuable tool for the determination of the lignin and holocellulose content in decayed wood. The technique is time efficient (3 min per sample) and non-hazardous (no acid treatment is required). 相似文献
53.
Yoshimura T Kuribara H Kodama T Yamata S Futo S Watanabe S Aoki N Iizuka T Akiyama H Maitani T Naito S Hino A 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(6):2060-2069
Seven types of processed foods, namely, cornstarch, cornmeal, corn puffs, corn chips, tofu, soy milk, and boiled beans, were trial produced from 1 and 5% (w/w) genetically modified (GM) mixed raw materials. In this report, insect resistant maize (MON810) and herbicide tolerant soy (Roundup Ready soy, 40-3-2) were used as representatives of GM maize and soy, respectively. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted from the raw materials and the trial-produced processed food using two types of methods, i.e., the silica membrane method and the anion exchange method. The GM% values of these samples were quantified, and the significant differences between the raw materials and the trial-produced processed foods were statistically confirmed. There were some significant differences in the comparisons of all processed foods. However, our quantitative methods could be applied as a screening assay to tofu and soy milk because the differences in GM% between the trial-produced processed foods and their raw materials were lower than 13 and 23%, respectively. In addition, when quantitating with two primer pairs (SSIIb 3, 114 bp; SSIIb 4, 83 bp for maize and Le1n02, 118 bp; Le1n03, 89 bp for soy), which were targeted within the same taxon specific DNA sequence with different amplicon sizes, the ratios of the copy numbers of the two primer pairs (SSIIb 3/4 and Le1n02/03) decreased with time in a heat-treated processing model using an autoclave. In this report, we suggest that the degradation level of DNA in processed foods could be estimated from these ratios, and the probability of GM quantification could be experimentally predicted from the results of the trial producing. 相似文献
54.
Itami T Tamaru N Kawase K Ishizuka T Tamura J Miyoshi K Umar MA Inoue H Yamashita K 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2011,73(12):1603-1609
Cardiovascular effects of tramadol were evaluated in dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane. Six beagle dogs were anesthetized twice at 7 days interval. The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of sevoflurane was earlier determined in each dog. The dogs were then anesthetized with sevoflurane at 1.3 times of predetermined individual MAC and cardiovascular parameters were evaluated before (baseline) and after an intravenous injection of tramadol (4 mg/kg). The administration of tramadol produced a transient and mild increase in arterial blood pressure (ABP) (P=0.004) with prolonged increase in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) (P<0.0001). Compared with baseline value, mean ABP increased significantly at 5 min (119% of baseline value, P=0.003), 10 min (113%, P=0.027), and 15 min (111%, P=0.022). SVR also increased significantly at 5 min (128%, P<0.0001), 10 min (121%, P=0.026), 30 min (114%, P=0.025), 45 min (113%, P=0.025) and 60 min (112%, P=0.048). Plasma concentrations of tramadol were weakly correlated with the percentage changes in mean ABP (r=0.642, P<0.0001) and SVR (r=0.646, P<0.0001). There was no significant change in heart rate, cardiac output, cardiac index, stroke volume, pulmonary arterial pressure, right atrial pressure and pulmonary capillary wedge pressure. In conclusion, the administration of tramadol produces a prolonged peripheral vascular constriction in dogs anesthetized with sevoflurane, which is accompanied with a transient and mild increase in arterial blood pressure. It also indicated that the degree of vasoconstriction might depend on the plasma concentration of tramadol. 相似文献
55.
Mano J Yanaka Y Ikezu Y Onishi M Futo S Minegishi Y Ninomiya K Yotsuyanagi Y Spiegelhalter F Akiyama H Teshima R Hino A Naito S Koiwa T Takabatake R Furui S Kitta K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(13):6856-6863
Because of the increasing use of maize hybrids with genetically modified (GM) stacked events, the established and commonly used bulk sample methods for PCR quantification of GM maize in non-GM maize are prone to overestimate the GM organism (GMO) content, compared to the actual weight/weight percentage of GM maize in the grain sample. As an alternative method, we designed and assessed a group testing strategy in which the GMO content is statistically evaluated based on qualitative analyses of multiple small pools, consisting of 20 maize kernels each. This approach enables the GMO content evaluation on a weight/weight basis, irrespective of the presence of stacked-event kernels. To enhance the method's user-friendliness in routine application, we devised an easy-to-use PCR-based qualitative analytical method comprising a sample preparation step in which 20 maize kernels are ground in a lysis buffer and a subsequent PCR assay in which the lysate is directly used as a DNA template. This method was validated in a multilaboratory collaborative trial. 相似文献
56.
Yoshimasa Nakano Takeo Yamakawa Motoki Ikeda Junji Ishizuka 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(4):929-932
The compatibility between rhizobia and host plants for nodulation was determined based on the genetic and physiological properties of both symbionts. It has been observed that soybean varieties carrying the Rj-gene were not nodulated effectively by certain strains or groups of rhizobia. Soybeans carrying the Rj 2-gene, Rj 2-varieties, were found to nodule ineffectively by the rhizobial strains belonging to the 3-24-44 and 122 serogroups (Caldwell 1966). In the same way, Rj 3- and Rj 4-varieties were found to nodule ineffectively by strains USDA 33 (Vest 1970) and USDA 61 (Vest and Caldwell 1972), respectively. 相似文献
57.
An experiment was conducted to identify the main nitrogenous compound transported in the xylem sap of soybean plants nodulated with Rhizobium fredii. Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cultivars, wild type Bragg (nod+, fix+) and its nitrate tolerant, hypernodulating mutant ntsll16 (nod++, fix+) were used for this experiment. These soybean plants were inoculated with a slowgrowing rhizobium, Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDAllO or fast-growing rhizobia consisting of a mixture of R. fredii USDA191, USDA193, and USDA-194 and grown in a phytotron under natural light and controlled temperature conditions. Xylem sap was collected from Bragg and ntsll16 plants at the flowering and pod elongation stages. Acetylene reduction activity per plant or per nodule weight was not different between soybean lines and inoculums. The composition of the nitrogenous compounds in the xylem sap was compared between the symbionts, with B. japonicum and R. fredii. At the flowering stage, ureide-N and amide-N accounted for 53 to 70% and 20 to 27% respectively of the total N in the sap collected from the plants inoculated either with B. japonicum or R. fredii. At the pod elongation stage, ureide-N and amide-N accounted for 74 to 85%, and 7 to 19% of total sap N. With the growth of the soybean plants, the ratio of ureide-N in the xylem sap increased. These results suggest that in the case of wild soybean and the hypernodulating mutant line nodulated by R. fredii, ureide is transported as the main nitrogenous compound of fixed nitrogen in the xylem sap in the same way as in plants nodulated with B. japonicum. 相似文献
58.
Ken Orihashi Yosuke Yasui Yasuo Kojima Minoru Terazawa Shigehiro Kamoda Hisatomi Kasahara Yasuo Takahashi 《Journal of Forest Research》2002,7(1):35-40
Damage caused by sika deer (Cervus nippon yesoensis) is a serious problem in commercial and environmental (non-harvested) forests in Hokkaido, northern Japan. Cafeteria tests
in forests may be useful for evaluating the efficacy of chemical deterrents against bark stripping by deer. To develop a method
for forest cafeteria tests in the continuous snow cover period, two experiments were carried out. In the experiments, logs
were produced from tree trunks, and used as carriers of chemical deterrents. Carriers were installed in forests and fed to
deer. The first experiment was to find suitable sites and installation methods for carriers. Criteria for the local suitability
and the installation methods were as follows: a) Sites where deer are active should be selected; b) Carriers should be installed
along actively used deer trails; c) Installation sites of carriers should be changed in response to deer movement; d) Carriers
should be produced from tree species that deer naturally prefer; and e) Each carrier should be partially buried in the snow.
The second experiment evaluated the feasibility of a cafeteria test method based on the results of the first experiment. The
method was used for 13 sets of the cafeteria test, in which the deterrent effectiveness of 5 chemicals (wood tar, rosin, wood
vinegar, and 2 pyroligneous liquors) was examined. We obtained results from all the sets. The chemicals tested did not deter
bark stripping by deer. Nevertheless, the method used in the present study was practical for the cafeteria tests. 相似文献
59.
Gastric pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma in a Shetland sheepdog 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Park CH Ishizuka Y Tsuchida Y Oyamada T 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》2007,69(8):873-876
A solitary mass of 6 x 6 x 5 cm was found in the smooth muscle layer of the pyloric part in the stomach of a Shetland sheepdog. The excised mass was solid, gray-white in color, and had central necrosis with hemorrhages. Microscopically, the neoplasm was composed of irregular bundles of spindle-shaped tumor cells and round tumor cells. A few multinucleated cells and gangliocyte-like cells were observed. The nuclei exhibited a high degree of atypia and many cells contained mitotic figures. Immunohistochemically, tumor cells were positive for vimentin and desmin, but negative for c-kit antibody. Ultrastructurally, tumor cells contained cytoplasmic myofilaments and pinocytotic vesicles. Based on these pathological findings, the tumor was diagnosed as gastric pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma. 相似文献
60.
The amounts of extractable sulfate in 12 forest soils were measured as a preliminary work to study sulfur dynamics in forest
ecosystems. The sulfate content determined by the distillation method varied widely (10–880 × 10−6 gSg−1) depending on the soil type and the depth. Japanese forest soils were broadly divided into two groups in sulfate level: one
retains a large amount of sulfate and the other does not. In general, the surface soils to the depth of 10 cm contained small
amounts of sulfate (< 100 × 10−6 gSg−1), while subsoils contained more. The soil samples with low (< 4.6) or high (6 <) pH (H2O) retained small amounts of sulfate. Black soils derived from volcanic ash retained great quantities of sulfate. The two
levels of sulfate contents in Japanese forest soils suggests that the sulfur dynamics are different in these soils. 相似文献