脂质体法构建广西巴马小型猪转基因体细胞及转基因克隆胚的生产

脂质体法是一种传统的向哺乳动物细胞导入外源基因的方法,然而其转染效率受多种因素影响。本研究将从脂质体和质粒DNA量、转染暴露时间以及混合孵育时间等四方面进行探索,以寻找最佳的转染体系。试验结果表明最佳转染体系为：脂质体1.25μL、DNA 0.7μg、脂质体-DNA混合孵育0 min以及转染暴露6 h。随后我们用优化过的转染体系对新生广西巴马小型猪肾脏成纤维细胞进行转绿色荧光蛋白（green fluorescent protein,GFP）操作,获得了（26.45±2.11）%的转染率,并以此为核供体经体细胞核移植技术成功构建表达GFP的广西巴马小型猪克隆胚胎,同时证实转基因克隆胚的体外发育能力比得上非转基因克隆胚。这为我们构建用于人类疾病研究的基因修饰广西巴马小型猪奠定了基础。     

开发实用的染色体加倍体系构建成烟草DH群体

通过对4种染色体加倍方法(烟草浸花药法、浸花培苗法,叶片再生法及浸腋芽法等)的比较研究表明：以4g／L浓度的秋水仙碱浸泡花药法加倍率最高达47．5％～75％,其次为叶片再生法(30％～36．67％)和浸苗法(16．67％～32．35％),而浸腋芽法较低(17．78％)。前两种方法加倍率虽高,但有较高畸形苗比率,叶片再生法工序较繁琐。作者认为烟草加倍单倍体产生,应以采用浸苗法为主。在使用秋水仙碱浸苗加倍时,添加DMSO可明显促进秋水仙碱的加倍效率,且促进作用随时间延长而提高：从高效、快捷和节约等原则考虑,我们开发了烟草有效的染色体加倍体系,以4g／L的秋水仙碱 20g／LDMSO溶液浸苗48h的效果最好。对两个组合烟草单倍体苗浸12h以上,其染色体加倍效率达到对照的2．30-2．93倍。本试验用较低浓度秋水仙碱添加DMSO有利于节约实验费用。通过完善染色体加倍技术程序已构建成2个DH群体,供基因定位研究。     

河西走廊凉州绿色农业示范区耕地土壤养分及栽培模式影响分析

位于甘肃河西走廊的凉州区是2006年4月经中国绿色食品协会批准、在西北干旱内陆地区建立的首批五十个国家重点绿色农业示范区之一,本研究以绿色农业理念为基础,通过大范围调查取样、测试分析,对绿色农业示范区内耕地土壤肥力状况进行综合分析评价,并对比分析了栽培模式对土壤质量的影响,设施栽培土壤有机质低于大田土壤,而全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾均高于大田,全盐量远远高出大田4倍。     

Enzymatic treatment on cotton fibers: degradation kinetics of pectin and influence of shape change on adsorption

Alkaline pectinase was one of the most effective enzymes to treat cotton as alternative agent to replace the conventional alkaline method. Removal of pectin and cutin was considered the explanation for improvement of wettability as well as water adsorption on cotton fiber. However, degradation kinetics of pectin is unclear, and the influence of fiber shape on property changes after enzymatic treatment was ignored. The main objective of this work was to reveal interactions between pectinase and cotton fiber for mechanism study. A heterogeneous catalysis kinetic equation, which is associated with Langmuir adsorption model and enzyme deactivation, was used to describe the heterogeneous catalysis. The enzymatic process conditions were optimized. Raw cotton fibers, pectinase-treated and alkali-treated fibers were characterized by impurities content determination, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Mechanism of water adsorption enhancement on treated fibers was discussed. In addition to elimination of the outer impurities, flat fibers with less twist and shape changes of lumen were also obtained to ensure better accessibility and water adsorption after enzymatic treatment.     

格网化小麦生长模拟预测系统设计与实现

利用作物生长模型模拟小麦区域生产力,分析气候变化对农业生产的影响是研究粮食安全的热点问题之一。拥有操作方便、计算快速特点的小麦区域生产力模拟系统,可有效提高作物生长模型区域应用能力。该研究在分解小麦生长模型WheatGrow算法基础上,利用Python语言构建了格网化小麦生长模型,实现了基于空间格网数据的小麦区域生产力模拟。验证试验结果表明:模拟产量的均方根误差为1 070 kg/hm²,标准均方根误差小于20%,系统所集成的WheatGrow模型具有较好的预测性;同时,结合格网数据分块构建区域模拟的并行计算策略,优化了区域模拟的性能。在此基础上,采用GIS组件式开发模式,在.NET平台下开发格网化小麦生长模拟预测系统,实现作物生长模型与GIS耦合,为研究区域小麦产量潜力,评估气候变化对小麦生长影响,制定农业决策提供软件工具。     

新型肘形进水流道水力特性预测

提出一种新型肘形进水流道,具有型线简单,容易设计和施工方便等优点。采用定常雷诺平均N S方程和标准kε紊流模型,数值模拟了该新型肘形进水流道的三维紊流。在详细分析内部流态的基础上,从流道出口断面轴向流速分布均匀度、出口水流偏流角和流道阻力系数3个方面对其水力特性进行了全面的预测,并与按常规设计的肘形进水流道的水力特性进行了比较。计算结果表明,新型肘形进水流道具有优良的水力特性,出口水流的轴向流速分布均匀度高,偏流角小,可为水泵提供良好的进水条件。     

伊犁河流域裸露缓坡地放水试验研究

 通过野外径流小区实地放水冲刷试验,研究伊犁河流域裸露缓坡地在不同放水条件下土壤水分变化、径流泥沙特征,并运用水力学理论分析坡面径流水力学参数特征。结果表明:1)土壤入渗率随着放水流量的增加呈现递增的趋势,随着放水量的增加,土壤表层含水量增大,入渗率随之减少,坡下部土壤水分变化量高于坡上;2)随着放水流量的增加,输沙率呈现递增的趋势,含沙量呈先增后减的趋势,含沙量与放水流量存在较好的幂函数关系,随着冲刷时间的延长,含沙量、输沙率均呈现递减的趋势;3)随着放水流量的增加,径流平均流速、雷诺数、Darcy-Weisbach阻力系数逐渐增大,弗劳德数逐渐减小,流速与流量、弗劳德数与雷诺数均呈良好的幂函数关系,水流为层流、急流状态。     

基于CFD的泵装置性能预测方法比较

以某混流泵装置为例,采用CFD技术分别进行包括进出水流道和水泵在内的水泵装置全流道数值模拟的性能预测和由不带泵进出水流道数值模拟得到的流道效率与泵效率乘积的泵装置性能预测,并与模型装置试验结果进行比较。结果表明,根据水泵装置全流道数值模拟方法进行的装置性能与模型试验结果误差较小;以流道效率与泵效率乘积的方法预测装置效率的误差较大,仅在最优工况点附近与模型试验泵装置效率近似相等,引起较大误差的主要原因是基本理论存在不合理性。因此,建议以进水流道、出水流道和水泵作为整体进行内流数值模拟和装置性能预测,并在考虑泵对流道影响的情况下进行流道的水力设计优化。     

Determining the bioavailability of contaminants and assessing the quality of sediments

Background, Aims and Scope  

Our study determined if and when an avoidance or attraction behavioural response would be displayed by Ilyanassa obsoleta when presented with a choice between harbour and reference sediments. Our goal was to develop a non-lethal approach that could be used in future assessments of the environmental quality of field sediments.     

Integrated disease management of ascochyta blight in pulse crops

Ascochyta blight causes significant yield loss in pulse crops worldwide. Integrated disease management is essential to take advantage of cultivars with partial resistance to this disease. The most effective practices, established by decades of research, use a combination of disease-free seed, destruction or avoidance of inoculum sources, manipulation of sowing dates, seed and foliar fungicides, and cultivars with improved resistance. An understanding of the pathosystems and the inter-relationship between host, pathogen and the environment is essential to be able to make correct decisions for disease control without compromising the agronomic or economic ideal. For individual pathosystems, some components of the integrated management principles may need to be given greater consideration than others. For instance, destruction of infested residue may be incompatible with no or minimum tillage practices, or rotation intervals may need to be extended in environments that slow the speed of residue decomposition. For ascochyta-susceptible chickpeas the use of disease-free seed, or seed treatments, is crucial as seed-borne infection is highly effective as primary inoculum and epidemics develop rapidly from foci in favourable conditions. Implemented fungicide strategies differ according to cultivar resistance and the control efficacy of fungicides, and the effectiveness of genetic resistance varies according to seasonal conditions. Studies are being undertaken to develop advanced decision support tools to assist growers in making more informed decisions regarding fungicide and agronomic practices for disease control.