葡萄霜霉菌候选效应子RXLR5信号肽的鉴定

利用Getorf、SignalP 3.0、BLASTP等生物信息学软件和PERL语言从葡萄霜霉菌基因组中预测到一条编码RXLR-EER结构域的效应蛋白候选基因,将该基因编码的蛋白命名为RXLR5。将RXLR5信号肽SP5编码序列连接到pSUC2T7M13ORI载体并转化到酵母蔗糖酶缺陷菌株YTK12后,重组菌株能成功分泌蔗糖酶,促使棉籽糖分解成单糖,因此,能在YPRAA培养基上正常生长;同时生成的单糖能与TTC反应产生红色不溶于水的氯化三苯基四氮唑。由此推测,SP5具有信号肽活性,可能在RXLR5从葡萄霜霉菌细胞内泌到胞外的过程中起重要作用。     

Identification of Differentially Expressed Genes and Lipid Metabolism Signaling Pathways between Muscle and Fat Tissues in Broiler Chickens

In this study, signaling pathways and key differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in lipid metabolism in muscle and fat tissues were investigated. Muscle and abdominal fat tissues were obtained from 35-day-old female broilers for RNA sequencing. DEGs between muscle and fat tissues were identified. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway enrichment analyses of DEGs were performed. A total of 6130 DEGs were identified to be significantly enriched in 365 GO terms, most of which were involved in biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions in muscle and fat tissues. Three important lipid signaling pathways (pyruvate metabolism, the insulin signaling pathway, and the adipocytokine signaling pathway) were identified among the fat and muscle tissues of broilers. The key common DEGs in these pathways included phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase 2 (PCK2), acetyl-CoA carboxylase 1 alpha and beta (ACACA and ACACB), and the mitogen-activated protein kinase (AMPK) gene family. Hence, our findings revealed the pathways and key genes and gene families involved in the regulation of fat deposition in the muscle and fat tissues of broilers.     

Pharmacokinetics of cefquinome in tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) after a single intramuscular or intraperitoneal administration

The pharmacokinetics of cefquinome was studied in plasma after a single dose (10 mg/kg) of intramuscular (i.m.) or intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration to tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) in freshwater at 30 °C. Ten fish per sampling point were examined after treatment. The data were fitted to two‐compartment open models following both routes of administration. The estimates of total body clearance (CL/F), volume of distribution (Vd/F), and absorption half‐life (T_1/2ka) were 0.049 and 0.037 L/h/kg, 0.41 and 0.33 L/kg, and 0.028 and 0.035 h following i.m. and i.p. administration, respectively. After i.m. injection, the elimination half‐life (T_1?2β) was calculated to be 5.81 h, the maximum plasma concentration (C_max) to be 49.40 μg/mL, the time to peak plasma cefquinome concentration (T_max) to be 0.14 h, and the area under the plasma concentration–time curve (AUC) to be 204.6 μg h/mL. Following i.p. administration, the corresponding estimates were 6.05 h, 44.39 μg/mL, 0.17 h and 267.8 μg h/mL. The minimum inhibitory concentrations of cefquinome, determined for 30 strains of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from diseased tilapia, ranged from 0.015 to 0.12 μg/mL. Results from these studies support that 10 mg cefquinome/kg body weight daily could be expected to control tilapia bacterial pathogens inhibited in vitro by a minimal inhibitory concentration value of ≤2 μg/mL.     

β-carotene attenuates weaning-induced apoptosis via inhibition of PERK-CHOP and IRE1-JNK/p38 MAPK signalling pathways in piglet jejunum

Weaning may cause oxidative injury, immune response impairment, apoptosis and other injuries in piglets. Oxidative and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) can elicit inflammatory responses, and persistent oxidative and ERS also may lead to apoptotic cascades, which is associated with the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. β-carotene, a natural carotenoid, has potential anti-inflammatory and antioxidant functions. However, the effect of β-carotene on apoptosis in weaned piglets and the detailed molecular mechanism remain unclear. In this study, we found that β-carotene decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in piglet serum. β-carotene could inhibit the mRNA levels of caspase-3 significantly, but had no significant inhibitory effect of the mRNA levels of caspase-9 and caspase-12 in the piglet jejunum. In addition, β-carotene decreased the activation of GRP78, CHOP, and JNK/p38 MAPK and the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2. Furthermore, β-carotene had a significant influence on the activation of ERS and apoptosis-related signals in TG-induced IPEC-J2. In the present study, β-carotene pre-treatment attenuated the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 and prevented TG-induced increases in the level of PERK-CHOP and IRE1-JNK/p38 MAPK pathway activation in a dose-dependent manner. Overall, these findings indicate that β-carotene may protect weaning-induced apoptosis through inhibiting ERS.     

Factors affecting the virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum and its colonization on tobacco roots

Tobacco bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a serious disease affecting tobacco cultivation in southwest China. The response surface methodology was employed to evaluate the optimal conditions of tobacco bacterial wilt, and green fluorescent protein gene (gfp) labelling was applied to monitor the location and survival dynamics of R. solanacearum (Rs::gfp) on tobacco roots and in soil under these optimal conditions. The results showed that the highest wilt incidence was 91.13%, which occurred when the population reached 6.6 × 10⁶ CFU/g soil, the temperature was 30.55 °C, and the humidity was >81.42%. The Rs::gfp densely colonized the root tips and root hairs, and cells of Rs::gfp were observed intermittently in the elongation zone or at the point of the emerging lateral roots. The Rs::gfp number in the rhizosphere soil was 10.75‐, 73.13‐ and 74.86‐times higher than that in the bulk soil at 10, 15 and 20 days after transplantation, respectively. Increased colonization by Rs::gfp was related to the population of the pathogen, the environmental temperature and the humidity in the soil. These three conditions determined whether R. solanacearum would induce tobacco wilt. This is the first study to investigate factors affecting the virulence of a tobacco wilt bacterial pathogen, which is important for conducting field diagnosis and biocontrol of tobacco bacterial wilt.     

油菜菌核病菌的生物学特性研究

在不同温度、不同ｐＨ值的ＰＤＡ平板上培养油菜菌核病菌核和菌丝块,观察菌核萌发的最适温度和菌丝生长的最适温度、最适ｐＨ值,结果表明菌核萌发的最适温度为２４～２８℃,菌丝生长的最适温度为２０～２８℃,３５℃为菌丝的致死温度,菌丝生长的最适ｐＨ值为４.７～８.５。     

湖北省钟祥市南湖水生态环境评价

位于湖北省钟祥市城关郢中镇东的南湖,面积800hm^2,集观赏和水产养殖于一体。鱼产量为700t／a。该湖紧靠城市,直接纳人了未经任何处理的大量生活和工业污水,每天流量达40000t,造成水体严重富营养化,鱼类因栖息环境恶化而大量死亡,造成很大经济损失。鉴于此,笔者对南湖水生态环境进行了调查,旨在为南湖的综合治理提供科学依据。     

利用RAPD 标记和种间杂交组合构建葡萄的分子标记连锁图谱

 利用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD) 在一个葡萄的种间杂交组合〔毛葡萄8324296 (Vitis quinquangularis) ×欧洲葡萄粉红玫瑰(V. vinifera) 〕的F1 群体中发展分子标记,共产生了89 个稳定的RAPD 标记,连同4 个形态标记(花型、霜霉病抗性、果皮颜色、果汁颜色) 构建了一个葡萄RAPD分子连锁图。该图覆盖基因组总长度为1 033 cM,标记间平均距离为17.8 cM, 为毛葡萄连锁图谱的构建提供了一个连锁框架。     

2018年安徽省部分地区A型禽流感流行率横断面研究

为了解安徽省A型禽流感病毒感染情况,2018年4—5月,在安徽省北部、中部和南部7个市,随机选取各类型场点173个,在每个场点内随机采集35份咽喉/泄殖腔和环境拭子样品,使用荧光RT-PCR进行A型、H5亚型、H7亚型流感病毒核酸检测。结果显示：在4个养殖场、3个活禽批发市场和17个农贸市场检出了A型禽流感病毒,场点阳性率分别为2.9%（4/140）、75.0%（3/4）、80.9%（17/21）,未检出H5和H7亚型流感病毒核酸;A型禽流感群体流行率为11.2%（95%CI：6.5%~15.8%）,个体流行率为1.2%（95%CI：0.9%~1.5%）;活禽交易市场内,禽群感染A型禽流感病毒的风险较高（OR=136,95%CI：32.7~549.4）。结果表明,A型禽流感病毒在养殖和交易环节存在一定的污染,而在活禽交易市场的污染更严重,是今后禽流感防控的重点,需继续加强活禽交易市场的管理和消毒灭源工作。