Impact of manure application on forms and quantities of phosphorus in a Chinese Cambisol under different land use

Purpose

It is critical to understand the effect of manure application on the availability of phosphorus (P) and the potential environmental contamination by runoff and leaching. However, previous studies generally focused on cultivated soil layer in single cropping systems. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of manure application on soil P forms and quantities to the 200 cm depth in a Chinese alkaline Cambisol in different cropping systems and the potential environmental implications.

Materials and methods

The sampling site, Shunyi District, is located in the peri-urban area of Beijing in the North China Plain, where large quantities of manure generated from intensive animal operations have been applied to agricultural fields. A field survey was carried out before sampling to identify soil sampling sites with long-term manure application and an adjacent area receiving no manure used for the same crop production. Soil samples from three cropping systems (vegetables, cereals, and trees) were vertically collected to a depth of 200 cm with the following depth increments: 0–20, 20–60, 60–90, 90–120, 120–160 and 160–200 cm. Soil samples were analyzed for plant-available P (Olsen P) and various P fractions by sequential P fractionation. Degree of P saturation (DPS) was also determined.

Results and discussion

Soil calcium bound P was the most abundant P fraction, followed by the residual P. Organic P only accounted for less than 5 % of total P in most of the soils. Manure application increased the levels of inorganic P (Pi), with higher proportions of Pi in labile forms than stable forms. After manure application for 8–15 year, available P (Olsen P) and DPS values of the 0–20 cm layer in all sites exceeded the threshold for Olsen P (60 mg?kg^?1) and DPS (30 %) and the risk of P loss by runoff is expected to significantly increase. The DPS values were generally lower than 30 % below 20 cm, indicating a minimal risk of P loss via leaching from deeper soil.

Conclusions

The results indicated that in typical peri-urban areas of the North China Plain, the on-going practice of manure application not only increased the size of each of the labile and non-labile P pools, but also caused a shift in the relative sizes of the different pools, regardless of the cropping systems. However, contrary to what was expected, soil P loss through surface runoff would be a greater concern than leaching following long-term manure amendment.     

Effects of rainfall and manure application on phosphorus leaching in field lysimeters during fallow season

Purpose

Transformation and transport of soil phosphorus (P) from chemical fertilizer or manure are affected by agronomic practices (i.e., fertilization, irrigation, and tillage) and numerous abiotic factors (i.e., temperature, drought, and rainfall). Previous studies on the effects of manure application on P loss were mostly conducted during cultivation and often using the laboratory column approach. Validated field observations by integrating P availability with the risk of P loss are few. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of rainfall and manure application on P leaching during fallow season.

Materials and methods

An in situ field lysimeter experiment was performed. Leachate was collected and analyzed for total P (TP) and dissolved reactive P (DRP). At the end of the lysimeter trial, soils were sampled incrementally to a depth of 40 cm with the following depth intervals: 0–4, 4–10, 10–20, 20–30, and 30–40 cm. Soil water extractable P (P_w) was analyzed and degree of P saturation (DPS) was calculated after oxalate and Mehlich-3 (M3) extractions.

Results and discussion

Phosphorus loading was found below 40 cm in all treatments and P was most concentrated in the 4–10 cm soil layer. High rainfall enhanced P leaching and consequently led to lower P_w and higher leachate DRP and TP than low rainfall. Furthermore, P leaching was observed regardless of manure application, with the highest leachate DRP (1.83 mg L^?1) and TP (7.46 mg L^?1) concentrations found at the end of experiment (day 53). Observed P leaching loads during fallow season (53 days) varied between 0.08 and 1.21 kg ha^?1. The thresholds of DPS indicating P leaching were identified at 18.9% DPS_M3(Ca) and 12.9% DPS_M3(Ca+Mg), respectively. In this study, the DPS_M3(Ca) and DPS_M3(Ca+Mg) values exceeded the corresponding thresholds in the upper 30-cm soil layer but did not reach the thresholds at 30–40 cm. Nevertheless, the leachate DRP and TP indicated soil P leaching.

Conclusions

The results showed that intensive rainfall could significantly increase P leaching from manure application. Moreover, P leaching could occur in fallow season even in the absence of manure input, which should be assessed by not only soil P sorption capacities, but also soil fertilization history and hydrologic conditions. Implementation of soil P level evaluation is critical before spreading manure on land to avoid P pollution. Cost-effective and applicable soil test methods are required to generate environmental indicators to classify agricultural lands for risk of P loss, providing basis to safe manure disposal.     

杉木涩籽形成中类黄酮类代谢物的积累特征

[目的]比较杉木涩籽形成过程中类黄酮类代谢物的积累特征,为进一步揭示杉木涩籽形成机制提供参考.[方法]以涩籽率分别为24％和90％的杉木家系(L家系和H家系)种子为试材,分别于授粉后70、80、90、100、110 d取样.采用试剂盒、高效液相色谱、荧光定量PCR等方式测定并分析不同家系种子类黄酮生物合成途径关键代谢物...     

玉米杂交种丹科2118的选育与应用

丹科2118是丹东农业科学院以自选系CH36为母本，丹598为父本组配而成的中晚熟杂交种，经各地试验、试种结果表明：丹科2118比现成应用的中晚熟品种增产10％以上，并具有抗病、抗倒、适应性强、熟期适中、增产潜务大等特点，经推广试种，深受农民欢迎。     

镁对‘新天玲’西瓜叶片光合色素、可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响

通过沙培试验,研究0(CK)、24、48、96、192 mg/L不同镁水平对‘新天玲’西瓜不同生育期叶片光合作用色素、可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性的影响。结果表明:镁水平影响‘新天玲’西瓜的整个生长发育过程,各时期随着镁水平的升高,西瓜叶片中叶绿素、类胡萝卜素、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量和硝酸还原酶活性呈先升高后降低趋势,在镁水平为48 mg/L时各物质含量达到同期的最大值、NR活性最强,为最适镁浓度;而缺镁、低镁、镁过量均会产生不利影响;膨瓜期是‘新天玲’西瓜受镁水平影响比较严重的时期,该期应特别注意镁肥用量,以减轻镁对西瓜叶片碳氮代谢指标的影响,从而促进西瓜优质、高产。     

水稻品种对稻田CH4和N2O排放的影响

稻田被认为是温室气体甲烷(CH₄)和氧化亚氮(N₂O)的重要排放源,推广种植较少温室气体排放的水稻品种是控制稻田温室气体排放的有效措施之一。选取在太湖流域推广种植较多的16个品种为对象,通过研究其CH₄和N₂O排放情况,筛选出该区域内最适宜种植的较低温室气体排放的品种。研究结果表明,水稻的产量与CH₄排放量存在显著的线性正相关关系。在常规灌溉条件下,不管是常规品种还是杂交品种,粳稻的CH₄、N₂O累积排放量和产量都要高于籼稻。与常规品种(粳稻或籼稻)相比,杂交品种的CH₄累积排放量和产量相对较高,但N₂O累积排放量相对较低。常规粳稻中的早玉香粳和秀水134、杂交粳稻中的花优14、秋优金丰和甬优9号以及杂交籼稻中的旱优113、天优华占均具有较高的产量和较低的温室气体排放强度,有较大的推广种植价值。早玉香粳、旱优8号和旱优113为节水抗旱稻,它们在水分缺少的环境下可能会表现出更大的优势。     

水稻叶色突变体的稻米理化品质和配合力分析

 利用300 Gy 60Co-γ射线辐照籼型保持系龙特甫B和Ⅱ32B，获得了多种类型的叶色突变体（分别记为LBn和ⅡBn）。对其中的13个LBn和7个ⅡBn的稻米理化品质测定结果显示，LBn的表观直链淀粉含量（AAC）、碱消值（ASV）和胶稠度（GC）与亲本差异不显著。但淀粉粘滞特性（RVA谱）变异较大。而在ⅡBn中，ⅡB11的AAC、ASV和GC与亲本Ⅱ32B有极显著差异；ⅡB9的GC也与亲本差异极显著。ⅡB11和ⅡB9的RVA谱也与Ⅱ32B存在差异。配合力分析表明，由突变体LB3和ⅡB2转育而成的带叶色标记不育系LA3和ⅡA2的配合力与各自的亲本相仿。     

用水稻苗期叶绿素含量相对稳定期估算水稻剑叶光合功能期的方法研究

 用SPAD-502型叶绿素计测定了8个水稻品种不同叶位连体与离体叶片叶绿素含量的变化，结果表明叶片全展后（或离体后）叶绿素含量变化可明显划分为相对稳定期和速降期两个阶段。离体与连体叶片、不同叶位叶片间的叶绿素含量相对稳定期均呈极显著线性回归关系。进一步测定其他34个品种幼苗期离体第6叶和连体剑叶叶绿素含量相对稳定期并进行若干方程曲线拟合表明，用多项式表示两者之间关系的相关系数最大（r＝0.9619,P< 0.01）。用该拟合方程对另外10个品种剑叶的光合功能期估算并与实测值之间进行相关分析表明，估算值与叶绿素含量相对稳定期和光合速率高值持续期的实测值均达极显著水平，其相关系数分别为0.9948和0.9913(P < 0.01)。进一步证实了上述关系的存在。