Cuprous Oxide-Modified Diatomite Waste from the Brewery Used as an Effective Adsorbent for Removal of Organic Dye: Adsorption Performance,Kinetics and Mechanism Studies

Cuprous oxide-modified diatomite waste (Cu₂O-DW) as a low-cost and effective adsorbent was prepared via a hydrothermal route combined with acid-alkali treatment. The microstructure and surface properties of the obtained Cu₂O-DW composite was characterized by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller, scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The adsorption behaviors of three different types of dyes such as cationic dye methyl blue (MB), anionic dye acid orange (AO), and reactive dye reactive yellow (RY) onto the as-prepared Cu₂O-DW were investigated. Several experimental parameters such as contact time, adsorbent dosage, initial dye concentration, and initial pH values were systematically estimated. The experimental results indicated that as-prepared Cu₂O-DW have a better adsorption performance for MB, AO, and RY. Moreover, the kinetic and isotherm models were also used to account for the adsorption mechanism of dye molecules onto Cu₂O-DW. The results demonstrated that three different dyes are all fitted well with pseudo-first-order kinetic model. Additionally, the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm model is more suitable for describing the adsorption process of RY and MB on the as-prepared Cu₂O-DW, respectively, and the AO adsorption is propitious to the D-R isotherm model. The value of adsorption energy (E?<?8 kJ mol^?1) confirmed that the physical adsorption is dominator during the adsorption process. The findings of the study demonstrated that the synthesized Cu₂O-DW composite can be a promising adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes from wastewater and it provided a sustainable development method for cycling the diatomite waste from the brewery.     

以抗除草剂Bar基因稳定转化谷子技术研究

农杆菌介导的谷子遗传转化效率一直是制约谷子功能基因研究及转基因育种效率的主要因素。本研究以冀谷11谷子幼穗为外植体, 选取0.5~1.0 cm的幼穗, 切成0.5 cm左右的小段, 置改良后的MS培养基上诱导15~20 d形成胚性愈伤组织3120块。愈伤组织侵染转化前用侵染液悬浮浸泡, 并经45°C热激预处理3 min, 可以有效提高26.1%的瞬时遗传转化效率。将转化后的愈伤组织经草丁膦(PPT)筛选后获得513块抗性愈伤组织, 抗性愈伤组织获得率为16.4%。抗性愈伤组织经分化、壮苗培养后获得7株抗性植株, 经PCR和Southern杂交检测得到6株T₀代转基因阳性株, 对T₃代转化植株叶片进行PPT抗性分析, 并结合Bar蛋白抗体试纸条鉴定, 表明Bar基因已稳定整合到谷子基因组中。本研究建立了农杆菌介导转化谷子优良品种的遗传转化体系, 对提高谷子转基因育种效率和谷子模式研究系统的建立有重要意义。     

产业融合视域下以“四力”推动养生旅游发展研究

从产业融合角度出发,用产业融合理论,探析养生旅游产业的"四力"影响因子,即市场需求的推力、竞争合作的压力、技术创新的拉力和政策支持的外力,提出"四力"驱动下的国内养生旅游发展策略。     

Isolation,Identification and Genotyping of Pasteurella multocida from Fowl Cholera

In order to determine the suspected avian cholera pathogen and geneotypes, bacteria isolation technology was used to isolate and culture pathogenic bacteria, the isolated bacteria were identified by traditional methods and molecular biological methods. Geneotyping of the isolated bacteria were determined using PCR technology and gene sequence analysis. The results demonstrated that the isolated bacteria had typical culture characteristics of Pasteurella multocida (Pm),and the morphology of the colony, the characteristics of cell staining, the physiological and biochemical characteristics were consist with Pm; 457 bp fragment was amplified by PCR. Geneotyping results showed that only A primer amplified the target gene fragment of 1 050 bp, sequence analysis also showed that the isolated bacteria shared 97.6% to 100.0% sequence homology with reference strains, and phylogenetic tree analysis showed that the isolated bacteria and A type Pm were in a branch.The experimental results indicated that the isolated bacteria was identified as capsular serotype A of Pm, the results provided reference for the prevention and control of fowl cholera.     

氮添加对白羊草土壤水溶性碳氮及其光谱特征的影响

大气氮沉降对土壤的影响已成为近年来的研究热点,为了解氮沉降对黄土高原典型草原土壤质量的影响,以白羊草群落为研究对象,以氮添加的方式模拟氮沉降,选取3个氮添加梯度,分别为N1(2.5g/m~2),N2(5g/m~2)和N3(10g/m~2),并选取裸地(BL)和不施氮(CK)作为对照处理,分析了对土壤水溶性碳、氮组分及其光谱学特征的影响。结果表明,氮添加降低了WSOC/TOC和WSOC含量,随着氮添加水平增加均呈降低趋势;而对水溶性氮素组分影响较弱,仅在N2中WSN和WSON显著降低,对WS-NH+4-N,WS-NO-3-N和WSON/WSN没有显著影响。氮添加对土壤水溶性有机物质光谱特性影响显著,紫外可见光谱和荧光发射光谱分析均表明土壤水溶性有机物的主要腐殖质类型均为富里酸,随着施氮水平的增加腐殖化程度增强,结构趋于复杂化。     

Effect of grazing intensity on protozoan community,microbial biomass,and enzyme activity in an alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau

Purpose

The alpine meadow has received mounting attention due to its degradation resulting from overgrazing on the Tibetan Plateau. However, belowground biotic characteristics under varied grazing stresses in this ecosystem are poorly understood.

Materials and methods

Here, the responses of soil protozoan abundance, community composition, microbial biomass, and enzyme activity to five grazing patterns including (1) artificial grassland without grazing (AG), (2) winter grazing (WG), (3) grazing for 7 months within a fence (GF), (4) continuous grazing for a whole year (CG), and (5) natural heavy grazing (HG) were investigated for two continuous years. Soil protozoan community composition was investigated using the most possible number (MPN) method, and soil microbial biomass and enzyme activity were analyzed using chloroform fumigation extraction and substrate utilization methods, respectively. Multivariate statistical analysis, the analysis of variance (ANOVA), multiple comparisons, and correlation analysis were together performed.

Results and discussion

The WG treatment had the highest abundance of total protozoa (2342–2524 cell g^?1). Compared with AG treatment, HG treatment significantly reduced the abundance of soil total, flagellate and ciliate protozoa, and protease activities in 2012 and 2013. Significantly, lower soil microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) was also observed in the HG (6.60 and 14.6 mg N kg^?1) than those in other four treatments (22.3–82.9 mg N kg^?1) both in 2012 and 2013, whereas significantly higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was observed in HG than that in AG treatment in 2012. Moreover, significantly positive correlations were detected between the abundance of soil protozoa and soil moisture, pH, organic C, total N, and MBN. Our results indicated that soil protozoa showed a negative response to increasing grazing intensities and therefore, suggesting that aboveground grazing practices also exerted strong impact on belowground protozoa, not only on soil microbial characteristics.

Conclusions

Soil protozoan community composition was apparently different between the HG treatment and other four grazing patterns and was potentially impacted by altered soil properties and MBC and/or MBN. Our results suggested that moderate grazing may sustain better belowground biotic diversity and ecosystem functioning in this alpine meadow on the Tibetan Plateau.

     

毛乌素沙地2种蒿属植物光合作用特征

用LI-6400光合仪和PAM-2100荧光仪测定了油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)和籽蒿(A.sphaerocephala)的气体交换及叶绿素荧光参数日变化规律,探讨了2种蒿属植物光合作用对沙地强光环境的适应机制。结果表明:2种蒿属植物净光合速率(P_n)均出现"午休"现象,根据Pn、气孔导度(G_s)、胞间CO_2摩尔分数(C_i)、气孔限制值(L_s)的变化方向,推测油蒿叶片午间光合下调主要是由非气孔因素引起的,籽蒿则主要是由气孔因素引起的;2种蒿属植物午间最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)均显著降低,说明2种蒿属植物可能受到光抑制;随着午间实际光化学效率(Φ_Ⅱ)的下降,2种蒿属植物调节性能量耗散量子产量(Φ_(N,P,Q)和Φ_(N,O))均上升,暗示调节性热耗散可能是其光保护途径之一。从而说明蒿属植物光合作用对午间环境的适应机制存在种间差异。     

Experimental Study of Tidal Effects on Coastal Groundwater and Pollutant Migration

The problem of current urban groundwater pollution is very serious, which has influenced social development and people’s daily life. Around the land-sea interface, tide obviously changes nearshore the groundwater flow regime and makes the pollutant migration process become more complex. In the present study, the effect of tide-induced groundwater table fluctuations and on the pollutants migration in beach aquifers is investigated by constructing a two-dimensional sand trough physical experimental model. The model considered brackish-water density differences and the tide by controlling experimental medium properties and boundary conditions. The results showed that the groundwater table fluctuation cycle is the same as the tidal cycle and the fluctuation lag time increases linearly with the increase of the offshore distance. Tidal fluctuation flattens brackish-freshwater interface, widens the dispersion zone, and generates the upper saline and the freshwater belt. Time lag corresponding relationships between saline water and tidal fluctuation was observed. With the pollutant approaching the saline water area, the profile of the pollutant migration is gradually developed into a spindle shape until the strip shape, and the pollutant enters the saline water body along the curved edge of the upper part of the saline water. The transverse dispersion of pollutants is larger than the longitudinal dispersion in a tidal cycle and its outline presents a strip shape development. No mixing or exchange between the pollutants and the saline water body happened during the whole process. This study can provide scientific references for nearshore groundwater pollution prevention and control in the future.     

成都近郊“农家乐”旅游发展存在的问题及对策研究

考察和分析了成都近郊＂农家乐＂旅游的发展现状和存在的问题,提出了该区域发展＂农家乐＂旅游的针对性对策。     

黄土丘陵区人工灌木林土壤抗蚀性演变特征

 【目的】土壤抗蚀性是评定土壤抵抗土壤侵蚀能力的重要参数之一,研究黄土丘陵区坡耕地退耕营造灌木林后土壤抗蚀性变化过程对认识该地区生态恢复过程中土壤质量的演变及其效果评价具有重要意义。【方法】采用时空互代法,以黄土丘陵区不同年限的人工灌木林为研究对象,选取坡耕地和天然侧柏林为对照,通过室内测试分析,并运用统计和相关分析等方法,研究土壤抗蚀性的变化过程。【结果】侵蚀环境下的坡耕地由于受到人为活动的干扰,土壤抗蚀性能低下,种植灌木林后,土壤抗蚀性显著提高。其中土壤水稳性团聚体含量逐渐增加,并从小粒径为主改变为大粒径占绝对优势,平均重量直径(EMWD )随种植年限逐渐上升,结构体破坏率逐渐降低;微团粒结构随种植年限从小粒径向大粒径转变,有机质含量、土壤团聚状况、团聚度和分散系数均呈增加趋势;总体来看相同年限的沙棘林对土壤抗蚀性改善作用强于柠条林。相关性分析显示,土壤抗蚀性指数(SAI)、团聚状况、团聚度、微团聚体和土壤理化性质相关性较高,可以作为反映土壤质量中的抗蚀性指标。黄土丘陵区坡耕地SAI极其低下,退耕营造柠条林后,SAI显著增加,25年时较坡耕地增加497%,为相同年限沙棘林的69%,天然侧柏林的52%。【结论】黄土丘陵区坡耕地人为干扰是造成土壤抗蚀性降低的主要原因,营造灌木林后可以显著改善土壤抗蚀性能,但是与该地区顶级群落时的土壤抗蚀性相比,还存在着较大差距,SAI可以有效的反映生态过程中的土壤抗蚀性变化过程。