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971.
972.
973.
Yong Zhang Yu Chen Xiaofeng Zhu Ying Xu Yiping Hou Tongchun Gao Mingguo Zhou 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(4):393-401
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola, the causal agent of rice leaf streak disease, was found to be sensitive to streptomycin (an aminocyclitol glycoside antibiotic),
by inhibition of protein synthesis resulting from interference with translational proofreading. This study aimed to determine
the molecular resistance mechanism of X. oryzae pv. oryzicola to streptomycin. Seven streptomycin-resistant mutants were obtained by UV induction or streptomycin selection. These mutants
can grow at 100 μg ml−1 of streptomycin while the wild-type strain (RS105) cannot grow at 5 μg ml−1. Sequencing indicated that the rpsL gene encoding ribosomal protein S12 has 375 bp encoding 125 amino acid residues. In all resistant strains, a mutation in
which AAG was substituted for AGG (Lys→Arg) occurred either at codon 43 or 88. Two plasmids, pUFRRS and pUFRRX, were constructed
by ligating the rpsL gene into the cosmid pUFR034. The plasmids pUFRRS and pUFRRX containing the Lys→Arg mutation of the rpsL gene conferred streptomycin resistance to the sensitive wild-type strain by electroporation. Both transformants, RS1 and
RS2, could grow in the medium containing 50 μg ml−1 of streptomycin. A mutation at codon 43 or 88 in rpsL can result in resistance of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola to streptomycin. 相似文献
974.
Danail Takov Danail Doychev Andreas Linde Slavimira Draganova Daniela Pilarska 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(4):343-352
The occurrence and prevalence of bark beetle pathogens in forest stands in Bulgaria were investigated in 944 specimens belonging
to 21 bark beetle species. Protozoa, microsporidia, fungi and nematodes occurred in 19 of all investigated species. The infections
were found in the gut (nematodes, gregarines, microsporidia), gonads (microsporidia) and hemolymph (nematodes) of the infected
insects. Protozoan species (Gregarina typographi, Gregarina spp.) were detected in eight bark beetle species. Morphometric data about G. typographi and Gregarina spp. are presented. The prevalence of the gregarines varied between 1.4% and 64.2%. Microsporidia of the genera Nosema and Chytridiopsis were revealed in three bark beetle species. The prevalence of microsporidia ranged between 1.5% and 11.8%. This is the first report of a microsporidium in Taphrorychus villifrons and of gregarines in T. villifrons, Pityogenes bistridentatus, P. conjunctus, and Orthotomicus erosus. The fungus Beauveria bassiana was found in 3.4% of Hylurgops palliatus specimens. Nematodes (in gut and haemolymph) were revealed in 19 bark beetle species and their prevalence varied between
10% and 98.5%. 相似文献
975.
Mary Elizabeth K. Gnanambal K. C. Ramya Devi P. Hareesh Chandra Edward J. K. Patterson 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(2):121-127
The current study is based on the screening of novel insecticides from new sources that have not being exploited hitherto.
The major objectives of this research work were to extract marine molluscs, Lambis lambis, Trochus radiatus and Chicoreus ramosus, from Tuticorin coastal waters using different solvents to test their insecticidal properties and partially purify the active
components. The ethyl acetate extracts of L. lambis and T. radiatus showed 100% mortality of Sitophilus oryzae, at a concentration of 200 μg ml−1. The LC50 values for ethyl acetate extracts of L. lambis, T. radiatus and C. ramosus were found to be 67.08, 348.86 and 571.42 μg ml−1, respectively. With regard to bacterial metabolites, at a concentration of 200 μg ml−1 the ethyl acetate extract of A3 was able to elicit an activity of 40% and that of strain A1 – 20%. The LC50 values of the bacterial metabolites were also investigated. Upon chromatographic separation of active ethyl acetate extracts
of T. radiatus, the 100% methanol column-purified fraction was found to have an activity of 30% at a concentration of 10 μg against S. oryzae. The purity of the partially pure active compound was observed to be 72.78% on analysis with high pressure thin layer chromatography. 相似文献
976.
Charles Adarkwah Daniel Obeng-Ofori Cornel Adler Carmen Büttner Christoph Reichmuth Matthias Schöller 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(3):223-233
The compatibility and protectant potential of Calneem® oil derived from the neem tree Azadirachta indica and two parasitoids, Habrobracon hebetor and Venturia canescens, for the control of the rice moth Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) and the tropical warehouse moth Cadra cautella Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) in stored rice and wheat, were evaluated in the laboratory. Calneem® oil (= neem oil) is a biopesticide produced, registered and marketed in Ghana by AQUA AGRIC Community Projects (AACP/Caldor Ghana Ltd., Tema). It contains 0.3% azadirachtin as its major active ingredient. The oil was emulsified with water using 0.07% soap. Fourth instar moth larvae were held in grain treated with neem oil only, grain treated with one of the parasitoids only, grain treated with a combination of neem and one of the parasitoids, and a control with untreated grain. Neem oil was applied at concentrations from 5,000 to 30,000 ppm. All samples were kept in growth cabinets maintained at 25°C and 65–70% r.h. Adult emergence was recorded after 4 weeks. Parasitoid or neem treatments alone reduced the emergence of C. cephalonica and C. cautella. In general, parasitoid releases were as effective as a combination of neem oil and parasitoids. At the lowest dose, 5,000 ppm, the combination of neem and parasitoid was more effective than the neem alone. The number of adults of H. hebetor and V. canescens that emerged in rice containing either parasitoids alone or in combination with neem oil was similar. This indicates minimal or no adverse effect of neem oil on the two parasitoids. It is thus possible to incorporate neem oil in a well-designed pest management program with parasitoids. 相似文献
977.
Manoj Kumar Solanki Nidhi Singh Rajesh Kumar Singh Pratiksha Singh Alok K. Srivastava Sudheer Kumar Prem L. Kashyap Dilip K. Arora 《Phytoparasitica》2011,39(5):471-481
Tomato root rot caused by Rhizoctonia solani is a major soilborne disease resulting in significant yield loss. The culture filtrates of six isolates of Trichoderma/Hypocrea species were evaluated for in vitro production of hydrolytic enzymes. Results demonstrated that all the six isolates were able to produce chitinase, β-1, 3 glucanase
and protease in the range of 76–235 μmol GlcNAc min-1 mg-1 protein, 31.90–37.72 nmol glucose min-1 mg-1 proteins and 63.05–86.22 μmol min-1 mg-1 proteins, respectively. Trichoderma/Hypocrea-based formulation(s) were prepared with chitin (1% v:v) and CMC (0.5% w:v) for root rot management in a greenhouse. Root dip
application with bioformulation(s) resulted in a significant reduction of the root rot index. In addition, bioformulations
increased plant growth attributing traits significantly relative to untreated control. Accumulation of total phenols, peroxidase,
polyphenoloxidase and phenylalanine ammonia lyase increased in chitin-supplemented Trichoderma/Hypocrea formulation-treated plants challenged with R. solani. The results suggest that chitin-fortified bioformulation(s) could be an effective system to control root rot of tomato in
an eco-compatible manner. 相似文献
978.
Junia Vianna Corrêa da Silva Fernando César Juliatti João Renato Vaz da Silva Fernanda Carvalho Barros 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(3):409-418
Soybean rust is caused by an obligate parasite (Phakopsora pachyrhizi) which has spread in Brazil in each new season since 2001 and, despite the efforts to control the disease, losses have occurred
every year. Its control demands several tactics amongst which chemical control with fungicides is the main method and remains
indispensable. Control strategies such as the use of cultivars with partial resistance are desirable, but are not yet commercially
available. The present study analyzed the existing differences in the reactions of short, medium and long cycle soybean cultivars
against Asian rust and their responses to fungicide sprays. The experiment was conducted at Uberlandia-MG, Brazil, under field
conditions from December 2007 to May 2008, in the Syngenta Seeds Experimental Station. The high pressure of the disease in
the experiment simulated the natural pressure that the disease often reaches in Brazil. The studied variables were: visual
severity (percentage of infected leaf area), percentage defoliation and productivity (kg ha−1). Disease severity was expressed as AUDPC (area under disease progress curve). Variance analysis and comparison of means
by the Tukey test (5% significance) were done for all variables studied. Significant differences were observed between cultivar
effects and chemical control programs. The results obtained here indicate that the cultivars M-Soy 8199RR and Emgopa 315RR
were less susceptible to disease, and that a control program termed “monitoring” (in which the appearance of new pustules
of the pathogen were monitored to make the decision at each fungicide spray) was the most effective. 相似文献
979.
Ioannis O. Giannakou 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,130(4):587-596
The nematicidal effect of a formulated product containing extract from Quillaja saponaria was evaluated against the root-knot nematodes. The product QL Agri® 35 (QL) was tested to record the effect on second stage juveniles motility, egg hatch and also against field populations in greenhouse experiments contacted in three different locations of Greece. Convulsive movement of second stage juveniles of Meloidogyne incognita was recorded after exposure for 8 days at a series of doses, while the most paralyzed juveniles were counted at the dose of 8 mg l?1. There was also a gradual decrease in the number of juveniles emerging from egg masses of the same nematode species when the dose of Q. saponaria was increased from 0 to 8 mg l?1. In greenhouse experiments, the use of Q. saponaria could control root-knot nematodes and prevent nematodes increase in soil. The present study demonstrates that the use of Q. saponaria extract has the ability to control root-knot nematodes. Control given by Q. saponaria in field populations infecting cucumber was similar to that of cadusafos (Rugby®) and oxamyl (Vydate®) under the tested dosages and the specific conditions of the experiments. 相似文献
980.
Nicholas T. Amponsah E. Eirian Jones Hayley J. Ridgway Marlene V. Jaspers 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,131(3):467-482
This study investigated the prevalence and identity of botryosphaeriaceous dieback pathogens in necrotic grapevines tissues
in New Zealand vineyards, and other woody hosts growing nearby. The presumptive identities of the isolates by conidial and
cultural morphology were confirmed with ITS sequence data as Neofusicoccum australe, N. luteum, N. parvum and Diplodia seriata. They were isolated predominantly from necrotic stems of grapevine and other hosts, but also from leaves, flowers and wood
debris of grapevines. Inoculation with conidia and mycelium of multiple isolates of each species onto excised and attached
green shoots and trunks of five grapevine varieties, Cabernet sauvignon, Chardonnay, Pinot noir, Riesling, and Sauvignon blanc,
showed that all varieties became infected to a similar extent. All species except D. seriata were pathogenic, irrespective of the host source, with N. luteum being the most and D. mutila the least pathogenic (P < 0.05). On trunks, N. parvum caused cankers and the other pathogenic species caused die-back when the inoculated vines became winter-dormant. Conidia
were produced from green shoot lesions and die-back wood, which indicates potential inoculum sources for vineyard infection. 相似文献