Draft Genome Sequence of Potato Dry Rot Pathogen <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fusarium sambucinum</Emphasis> Fckl. F-4

Fusarium sambucinum is one of the most important causal agents that not only cause the dry rot disease of potato tubers in fields and stores worldwide but also capable of producing secondary metabolites toxic for people and animals. Here we present the first draft genome sequence of the strain (F-4) estimated to be around appx. 42.0 Mb. The genome has 12,845 protein coding genes with more than 35,900 exons and gene density of 3.13 per 10Kb. F. sambucinum is evolutionary more close to the F. graminearum among the Fusarium species complex. The genome sequence represents a valuable resource for understanding the pathogenecity and virulence factors, and their evolution within the complex and highly plastic genus Fusarium.     

River dolphin distribution in regulated river systems: implications for dry‐season flow regimes in the Gangetic basin

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Modulation of key metabolic enzyme of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Labeo rohita</Emphasis> (Hamilton) juvenile: effect of dietary starch type,protein level and exogenous α-amylase in the diet

A 60-day feeding trial was conducted to delineate the effect of both gelatinized (G) and non-gelatinized (NG) corn with or without supplementation of exogenous α-amylase, either at optimum (35%) or sub-optimum (27%) protein levels, on blood glucose, and the key metabolic enzymes of glycolysis (hexokinase, HK), gluconeogenesis (glucose-6 phosphatase, G6Pase and fructose-1,6 bisphosphatase, FBPase), lipogenesis (glucose-6 phaosphate dehydrogenase, G6PD) and amino acid metabolism (alanine amino transfersae, ALT and aspartate amino transferase, AST) in Labeo rohita. Three hundred and sixty juveniles (average weight 10 ± 0.15 g) were randomly distributed into 12 treatment groups with each of two replicates. Twelve semi-purified diets containing either 35 or 27% crude protein were prepared by including G or NG corn as carbohydrate source with different levels of microbial α-amylase (0, 50, 100 and 150 mg kg⁻¹). The G corn fed groups showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) blood glucose and G6PD activity, whereas G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity in liver was higher in the NG corn fed group. Dietary corn type, α-amylase level in diet or their interaction had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on liver HK activity, but the optimum crude protein (35%) fed group showed higher HK activity than their low protein counterparts. The sub-optimum crude protein (27%) fed group showed significantly higher (P < 0.05) G6PD activity than the optimum protein fed group, whereas the reverse trend was observed for HK, G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity. Addition of 50 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ feed showed increased blood glucose and G6PD activity of the NG corn fed group, whereas the reverse trend was found for G6Pase, FBPase, ALT and AST activity in liver, which was similar to that of the G or NG corn supplemented with 100/150 mg α-amylase kg⁻¹ feed. Data on enzyme activities suggest that NG corn in the diet significantly induced more gluconeogenic and amino acid metabolic enzyme activity, whereas G corn induced increased lipogenic enzyme activity. Increased amino acid catabolic enzyme (ALT and AST) activity was observed either at optimum protein (35%) irrespective of corn type or NG corn without supplementation of α-amylase irrespective of protein level in the diet.     

Prevalence and risk factors associated with Cryptosporidium spp. infection in young domestic livestock in India

A total of 938 faecal samples (461 cattle calves, 264 buffalo calves, 55 lambs, 116 kids and 42 piglets) from different livestock farms and individual small holdings in six targeted states of India were collected and screened by modified Ziehl–Neelsen staining technique to determine the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and its association with age, sex, season and faecal consistency in domesticated animals. Overall, 16.2 % of the animals were positive for Cryptosporidium infection with prevalence of 16.3, 24.2, 1.8, 3.5 and 19.1 % in cattle calves, buffalo calves, lambs, kids and piglets, respectively. The prevalence of infection was significantly higher (p?<?0.05) in bovines (19.3 % cattle and 33.7 % buffalo) below 1 month of age than in animals between 1 and 3 months of age. But in piglets, it was higher in the age group of 1 to 3 months (22.6 %) than in younger animals (9.1 %). Also, higher prevalence (p?>?0.05) was recorded in females than in males. Seasons had a significant effect (p?<?0.05) on the prevalence of infection in large ruminants, with the highest prevalence in monsoon (cattle 28.8 % and buffalo 36.6 %) followed by pre-monsoon and post-monsoon season. However, in case of sheep and goats, the prevalence was higher (p?>?0.05) in post-monsoon than in monsoon season. A high degree of association was noticed between Cryptosporidium infection and diarrhoea in ruminants screened during the present study. But, in case of pigs, the prevalence was higher in non-diarrhoeic than in diarrhoeic animals. Genotyping of Cryptosporidium spp. based on nested PCR amplification of partial 18S rRNA and its subsequent digestion with SspI, VspI and MboII restriction enzymes revealed prevalence of Cryptosporidium parvum in representative number of positive samples of cattle, buffalo and goats.     

Further heterogeneity of human alpha interferon mRNA species

Translationally active (in Xenopus oocytes) human alpha interferon (IFN) messenger RNA's (mRNA's) derived from Sendai virus--induced leukocyte cultures display a bimodal distribution of RNA lengths on electrophoresis through agarose-CH3HgOH gels. The major population (alpha s) consists of mRNA of length 0.7 to 1.4 kilobases, while the minor population (alpha L) consists of RNA of length 1.6 to 3.5 kilobases. Induction of human leukocytes in the presence of 5,6-dichloro-1-beta-D-ribofuranosylbenzimidazole (DRB; 100 micromolar) appears to inhibit the accumulation of IFN-alpha s and to enhance that of IFN-alpha L mRNA's (average length about 1.8 kilobases in preparations from DRB-treated cells). Interferons derived from the alpha s mRNA's represent the group of previously recognized alpha interferons while the alpha L interferons are distinguishable from this group by their lower heterospecific activity on bovine cells compared to human cells, their apparent slower mobility in sodium dodecyl sulfate--polyacrylamide gels, and their apparent heteroclitic response toward an antiserum to IFN-alpha.     

Effect of l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) on hormonal profile and estrous cycle length in buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor on serum nitric oxide, progesterone, estradiol profiles and estrous cycle length in buffaloes. Murrah buffaloes (n?=?16) exhibiting regular estrous cycles were randomly allocated to two groups of eight animals. In the treatment group, buffaloes were administered 400?mg/h?L-NAME over 2?h (total dose?=?800?mg) via the coccygeal artery and the aorta abdominalis on day 15 of the estrous cycle. In the control group, normal saline was infused on the same day of the cycle by the same route. Blood samples were collected every 4?h on days 15 and 16, and once daily from days 17 to 21 of the estrous cycle for the assay of progesterone, estradiol and nitric oxide. L-NAME treatment significantly (p?相似文献