Cell wall disassembly during papaya softening: Role of ethylene in changes in composition,pectin-derived oligomers (PDOs) production and wall hydrolases

Cell wall disassembly in ripening climacteric fruit is a highly complex process where ethylene plays a crucial role. Ethylene inhibitors can be used to explore the changes in the cell wall matrix and cross-linked polysaccharides in ethylene-regulated processes. The results of applying the ethylene receptor blocking inhibitor 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and the ethylene-releasing compound ethephon (2-chloroethylphosphonic acid) indicate that softening of ‘Maradol’ papaya fruit is dependent on ethylene. When fruit were induced to ripen extensively by exposure to a high dose of ethephon, 1-MCP inhibited the subsequent softening dramatically, but when inhibition of the ethylene response was caused by application of 1-MCP, subsequent fruit treatment with ethephon promoted extensive loss of galactose from the water-soluble polysaccharides, but this was not accompanied by fruit softening. The cell wall changes accompanying normal fruit softening were pectin solubilization and polyuronide depolymerization and these processes occurred simultaneously. Polygalacturonase likely is responsible for the ripening-associated changes in ‘Maradol’ papaya fruit texture and pectin polymer integrity. An increase in extractable fruit polygalacturonase follows the increased presence of pectin-derived oligosaccharides.     

乡村园林景观规划存在的问题及设计要求

总结了传统乡土园林的主要特点及景观范畴,分析了存在的问题,并提出设计要求,以期为乡村园林景观规划提供参考。     

农业生产托管模式效率差异及其影响因素研究——以黑龙江省为例

农业生产托管是实现小农户与现代农业有机衔接的重要途径,但不同托管模式可能存在效率差异,探究不同托管模式的效率差异对农业现代化发展具有重要的现实意义。本文基于产权理论,以黑龙江省为例,利用农业生产托管组织的调查数据,运用超越对数随机前沿生产函数,分析不同农业生产托管模式的技术效率差异并探讨其影响因素。结果表明,农业生产托管分为村集体主导型和新型农业经营主体主导型两种模式,村集体主导模式与新型农业经营主体主导模式之间存在技术效率差异,村集体主导模式的平均技术效率比新型农业经营主体主导模式高7.79个百分点。农业生产托管规模、托管土地细碎化程度、托管组织自给劳动力人数、设置农业经纪人能显著影响农业生产托管的技术效率。村集体主导模式与新型农业经营主体主导模式效率差异原因在于村集体主导模式土地细碎化程度较低,且由于产权原因自给劳动力人数普遍较多,而新型农业经营主体主导模式没有充分发挥托管规模与农业经纪人优势。因此,提出积极鼓励发展村集体主导模式、进一步支持新型农业经营主体扩大托管规模、培育农业经纪人队伍等建议。     

降水对内蒙古草原植被生长的影响

为了解降水对草地植被生长的影响和草地植被变化的关键因子,以1982—2015年间内蒙古草地为研究对象,应用植被指数、降水和草地类型数据,采用皮尔逊相关系数和滞后系数方法,分析内蒙古地区不同草原类型归一化植被指数的降水滞后性.结果表明:(1)草地年降水量由大到小依次为:草甸草原(477.39 mm)、典型草原(391.52 mm)、荒漠草原(247.41 mm),草甸草原7月份降水量达到最大值,而荒漠草原8月份降水量达到最大.(2)草甸草原、典型草原、荒漠草原的归一化植被指数呈现单峰变化规律,荒漠草原的归一化植被指数变化不显著,整个生长季的归一化植被指数波动不大;不同草原类型的年均归一化植被指数值由大到小依次为:草甸草原(0.33)、典型草原(0.23)、荒漠草原(0.14).(3)生长季草原植被归一化植被指数与降水显著相关,草原植被生长对降水存在明显的滞后性,不同月份滞后时间存在差异.9月份草原植被生长对降水的滞后时间为2个月,5—8月份草原植被生长对降水的滞后时间为1个月左右,4月份草原植被生长对降水的滞后不明显.滞后月份降水和归一化植被指数相关系数和显著相关面积占比由大到小的顺序为:荒漠草原、典型草原、草甸草原.因此,归一化植被指数变化(草原植被生长)对降水存在明显的滞后性,可以有效预测牧草的长势和干旱情况.     

Biosynthetic Modularity Rules in the Bisintercalator Family of Antitumor Compounds

Diverse actinomycetes produce a family of structurally and biosynthetically related non-ribosomal peptide compounds which belong to the chromodepsipeptide family. These compounds act as bisintercalators into the DNA helix. They give rise to antitumor, antiparasitic, antibacterial and antiviral bioactivities. These compounds show a high degree of conserved modularity (chromophores, number and type of amino acids). This modularity and their high sequence similarities at the genetic level imply a common biosynthetic origin for these pathways. Here, we describe insights about rules governing this modular biosynthesis, taking advantage of the fact that nowadays five of these gene clusters have been made public (thiocoraline, triostin, SW-163 and echinomycin/quinomycin). This modularity has potential application for designing and producing novel genetic engineered derivatives, as well as for developing new chemical synthesis strategies. These would facilitate their clinical development.     

施用有机酸和氨基酸对烤烟生长及氮素吸收的影响

试验结果表明，在营养液中添加适量的有机酸和氨基酸促进了烟株的生长发育和氮代谢。表现在：提高烟株的根系活力和叶绿体色素含量，促进烟株干物质和氮素的积累，不同氨基酸和有机酸作用大小不尽相同。有机酸处理烤烟叶绿体色素前期增加快后期下降也快，而氨基酸处理后期叶绿体色素变化则相对比较缓和；在促进烟株干物质积累和氮素积累方面，有机酸作用高于氨基酸，而对硝酸还原酶活性和氮含量的影响却低于氨基酸。从整体上看，有机酸对促进烟株生长和氮素积累的效果好于氨基酸。     

Rapid, Micro-Methods to Estimate Plant Silicon Content by Dilute Hydrofluoric Acid Extraction and Spectrometric Molybdenum Method

By treating 0.5 g DW of a plant sample directly with 10 ml of a dilute hydrofluoric acid solution (HF solution, 1.5 M HF—0.6 M HCl), all the silica in plant (as much as 150 mg SiO₂) was dissolved within 1 h. After dilution of the extract with 40 mL of distilled water, the silica in the extract was measured by the spectrometric molybdenum yellow method. The molybdenum yellow method, in which silica in 0.1 mL of the diluted extract can be determined in 8 min, is well suited to rapid, micro-estimations of the silica content in plants. In the micro-modification, the size of the plant sample was reduced to 100 mg DW. The analytical procedure was simple, and the analytical time was less than 2 h. The method can save much labor and time, compared with the gravimetric analysis. The dissolution with HF solution and the molybdenum yellow method were also applied to the measurement of the content of silica separated by acid digestion of rice plants. Excellent agreement in the silica measurement of rice plants was confirmed among the direct extraction method, the gravimetric method and the digestion-separation-dissolution method. In the molybdenum yellow method, the addition of boric acid enabled to mask the interference of hydrofluoric acid, and the least amount of citric acid required for the elimination of phosphorus interference was proposed. In conclusion in this report, recommended methods for the rapid estimation of the silica content in rice plants were presented.     

离子束生物技术在小麦育种上的应用

阐述了离子束生物技术在小麦育种领域应用情况 ,概括介绍了离子束诱变育种和离子束介导转基因技术的原理及方法 ,对离子束小麦育种过程中涉及的主要技术参数作了详细描述。还介绍了最近发现的离子束诱变小麦遗传新规律和离子束辅助外源裸露大分子DNA转移在小麦育种中的新进展 ,提出了离子束生物技术在育种领域急待解决的问题和应用前景     

浅谈温室油菜蚜虫危害

油菜蚜虫是油菜上一种常发性的害虫,常年发生较重,油菜蚜虫对油菜的危害一是直接取食为害,二是传播病毒病,世代重叠危害,严重影响产量。本文论述了油菜蚜虫的生活习性、危害发生情况、控制虫害发生的原则、防治方法等。并提出了防止油菜蚜虫危害工作的建议。     

Influence of land use in small karst watersheds on the chemical status of peloid sediments on the eastern Adriatic coast

Background, Aim and Scope  

Most of the cathment areas supplying water and mineral matter to the Adriatic bays with healing mud/peloids are affected by various degrees of human impact, i.e. activity that is introducing various types of contaminants to environment. The bays represent shallow marine depositional environments where organic-rich sediments accumulate. Investigations for balneological characterization of several localities along the Croatian coast have shown that these organic-rich sediments may be classified as healing mud, i.e. peloids. Healing mud due to its balneologic features is in treatment of various diseases and in improvement of the overall health conditions and general well-being. Various components of mud, particularly trace elements, could be absorbed through dermal contact. Therefore, the study of the abundance of such potentially toxic elements as As, Pb, Hg, Cd, Se, Sb, Cu, Zn in marine sediments used as healing mud is necessary in order to know their mobility and to avoid possible intoxications.