欧姆加热解冻法对猪肉理化及氧化特性的影响

通过初步比较水浴(25℃)加热解冻、欧姆加热解冻(10 V/cm)和对照鲜猪肉处理组理化和氧化特性差异,现得出如下结论:与对照鲜猪肉相比,欧姆加热解冻和水浴加热解冻组显著改变了猪肉颜色、肌原纤维蛋白小片化程度、可溶性肌浆蛋白含量,TBARS值及肌节长度。欧姆解冻组猪肉块Met Mb%、MFI较低,a*值较高(p<0.05),其他参数无明显变化。因此,欧姆加热解冻肉品品质更为接近鲜肉,优于传统水浴解冻方式。     

圆草捆打捆机的设计及优化

设计了一款圆草捆打捆机,通过牵引机械输入动力,采用凸轮滑道型捡拾系统技术和成型室钢辊预压缩技术,实现了打捆、缠网、密度调节、报警等自动化控制,整机自动化水平高。通过试验对捡拾系统进行了优化,提高了整机性能,该圆捆机广泛应用于牧草、秸秆作物的打捆。     

播种机划行器设计开发与结构分析

划行器是播种机最为重要的零部件之一。从划印圆盘安装角度、划行器臂长和液压系统匹配等主要参数分析着手,完成了划行器机械结构和液压翻转系统设计开发。     

东北春玉米全生育期气候适宜度评价

适宜的气候要素是保障东北春玉米健康生长和高产稳产的基本条件。依据温、光、水气候要素对春玉米生长的影响,分别构建温度、日照和降水适宜度模型,引入有效降水提高模型精度,再基于有效降水和实际降水将三种气候要素耦合建立综合气候适宜度模型Ⅰ和模型Ⅱ,并利用1994—2013年有效气象、物候数据和2003—2010年像元尺度大田玉米生长状况时序遥感监测信息对海伦和泰来两个典型东北农业台站进行模型测试检验,将最适用模型应用于东北三省玉米典型种植区以估算2008与2009年25个站点不同生育期各气候要素适宜度。检验结果表明,“基于有效降水的模型Ⅰ”所估算的全生育期综合气候适宜度与NDVI、EVI的相关系数(0.58、0.29)均优于“基于实际降水的模型Ⅱ”(0.52、0.18),融合有效降水信息的模型Ⅰ更能有效捕获气候要素对春玉米生长胁迫现象。应用结果显示,模型Ⅰ估算的2008和2009年东北春玉米全生育期综合气候适宜度分别为0.67和0.56,与该地区2008年春玉米实际产量高于2009年表现一致;两年间东北三省春玉米各气候要素适宜度总体表现为温度>日照>有效降水;辽宁与吉林的温度、有效...     

越冬暂养对雌性中华绒螯蟹的营养品质及风味的影响

为探究越冬暂养后雌性中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis,以下简称河蟹)是否存在营养流失或风味品质下降现象,该研究利用嵌入在池塘循环水养殖系统中的网箱对雌性河蟹进行105天暂养,分析了暂养前后河蟹一般生物学指数、营养成分、脂肪酸、游离氨基酸、呈味核苷酸及挥发性风味物质的变化差异。结果显示,河蟹在越冬暂养期间处于稳定的生长状态,未出现“掉膏”。暂养后的河蟹,肌肉中必需氨基酸含量(E)显著上升(P<0.05),必需氨基酸与游离氨基酸总含量比值(E/T)显著上升(P<0.05);可食组织中腺苷酸(AMP)和肌苷酸(IMP)显著增加(P<0.05),次黄嘌呤(Hx)和肌苷(HxR)显著下降(P<0.05);虽然可食组织及卵巢中粗脂肪、C22:1和C22:4含量显著下降,但C20:2、C20：4和C20：5等多不饱和脂肪酸含量显著升高(P<0.05),同时PUFA/SFA比值显著上升;河蟹暂养105天后,1-辛烯-3-醇,己醛,壬醛和2-戊基呋喃为主要的挥发性物质,这些具有良好气味的物质占主导地位,表明河蟹的风味整体优于暂养前。以上结果表明,越冬暂养后河蟹的营养有一定的流失,品质和食用风味有所改善。     

西红花真菌性病害与生防菌鉴定研究进展

西红花Crocus sativus为多年生草本植物,具有活血化瘀、凉血解毒、抗癌、抗氧化等多种药用价值。由于无性繁殖及连作障碍,西红花病害日益严重;以真菌性引起的西红花球茎腐烂病害最为常见,造成西红花产量锐减,严重影响产业发展。解决真菌性病害是提高西红花产量与品质的有效途径之一。围绕西红花土壤真菌性病害、西红花内生真菌、西红花真菌病害生防菌的分离与鉴定研究进展等展开综述,分析西红花研究前景。后续研究可以从3个方向展开,一是基于现代宏基因组测序技术挖掘西红花球茎腐烂致病菌和拮抗菌,二是基于合成生物学和发酵工程技术方法实现西红花药效物质的异源高效生物合成,三是创制西红花脱毒新种质,为生产提供可靠的优质种源。本研究能为西红花真菌性病害防治、生物菌肥的开发利用等研究提供参考。表3参89     

Detection of arboviruses in Culicoides(Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) collected from animal farms in the border areas of Yunnan Province,China

Biting midges of the genus Culicoides(order Diptera, family Ceratopogonidae) are potential biological vectors for the transmission of certain arboviruses among humans, livestock, and wild animals. This study collected a total of 405 Culicoides individuals from seven animal farms located in five counties in the border areas of Yunnan Province, China, and examined the Culicoides species composition and the major arboviruses carried by the Culicoides species. The collected Culicoides were classified into seven species with variable abundances: Culicoides arakawae(5.43%, 22/405), Culicoides homotomus(1.23%, 5/405), Culicoides obsoletus(19.75%, 80/405), Culicoides orientalis(17.28%, 70/405), Culicoides oxystoma(29.38%, 119/405), Culicoides peregrinus(5.68%, 23/405), and Culicoides nipponensis(21.23%, 86/405). Among the seven species, C. oxystoma and C. nipponensis were distributed in all the five counties with abundances of 13.33–44.87% and 10.00–46.83%, respectively, suggesting that these were the dominant species of Culicoides widespread on animal farms in the border areas. PCR was used to detect major arboviruses in the collected Culicoides specimens, including bluetongue virus(BTV), Japanese encephalitis virus, Dengue virus, Zika virus, African swine fever virus, and African horse sickness virus. Among the tested viruses, only BTV serotype 1 was tested positive in C. oxystoma specimens collected from a buffalo farm. Culicoides oxystoma was the dominant species on animal farms in the sampled areas, but it has not previously been documented as positive for BTV in China. The current results thus suggest that C. oxystoma could be an important vector for BTV transmission in these border areas, which, however, needs to be confirmed by further comprehensive experiments. Overall, the present study provides the first profile of Culicoides species on animal farms in the China, Vietnam, and Myanmar border areas, establishes the prevalence of arboviruses carried by these Culicoides species, and suggests the vector potential of C. oxystoma species for the transmission of BTV.     

The effect of elevating temperature on the growth and development of reproductive organs and yield of summer maize

Compared to other crops, maize production demands relatively high temperatures. However, temperatures exceeding 35℃ lead to adverse effects on maize yield. High temperatures(≥35℃) are consistently experienced by summer maize during its reproductive growth stage in the North China Plain, which is likely to cause irreversible crop damage. This study investigated the effects of elevating temperature(ET) treatment on the yield component of summer maize, beginning at the 9th unfolding leaf stage and ending at the tasseling stage. Results demonstrated that continuous ET led to a decrease in the elongation rate and activity of silks and an elongated interval between anthesis and silking stages, and eventually decreased grain number at ear tip and reduced yield. Although continuous ET before tasseling damaged the anther structure, reduced pollen activity, delayed the start of the pollen shedding stage, and shortened the pollen shedding time, it was inferred, based on phenotypical and physiological traits, that continuous ET after the 9th unfolding leaf stage influenced ears and therefore may have more significant impacts. Overall, when maize plants were exposed to ET treatment in the ear reproductive development stage, the growth of ears and tassels was blocked, which increased the occurrence of barren ear tips and led to large yield losses.     

阿魏菌丝体营养生理特性研究

为探究阿魏菌丝生长的最适合条件,研究不同营养条件和不同培养条件下阿魏菌丝的生长速度。结果表明:最适宜阿魏菌丝生长的碳源是麦芽糖,氮源是蛋白胨。对阿魏菌丝生长有促进效果的是磷酸二氢钾和硫酸镁,而硫酸亚铁有抑制作用。温度为25℃时,菌丝生长最快。阿魏菌丝在微碱性培养基环境中长势较好,其最适宜pH为8.0。     

杭州湾滨海湿地CH4排放通量的研究

2013年4—9月,利用静态明箱–气相色谱法对杭州湾裸滩湿地、海三棱藨草湿地、芦苇湿地和互花米草湿地CH4排放通量进行了原位观测,并利用室内厌氧培养法测定了0~30 cm深度的土壤CH4产生潜力。结果表明:整体而言,裸滩湿地表现为CH4的吸收源,CH4排放通量春季高、夏季低;海三棱藨草湿地、芦苇湿地和互花米草湿地表现为CH4的排放源,CH4排放通量均呈现夏季高、春秋季低的季节变化。平均CH4排放通量表现为:互花米草湿地(1.589 mg/(m2·h))芦苇湿地(0.722 mg/(m2·h))海三棱藨草湿地(0.218 mg/(m2·h))裸滩湿地(–0.068 mg/(m2·h)),互花米草湿地各月CH4排放通量均显著高于其他湿地。0~30 cm深度平均土壤CH4产生潜力表现为:互花米草湿地(0.050μg/(g·d)芦苇湿地(0.042μg/(g·d))裸滩湿地(0.030μg/(g·d)海三棱藨草湿地(0.027μg/(g·d)),互花米草湿地各土层CH4产生潜力显著高于其他湿地(除0~5 cm外)。裸滩湿地土壤CH4产生潜力没有明显的空间垂直变化趋势,CH4产生潜力最大值、最小值分别出现在10~20 cm和5~10 cm土层。其他3类湿地0~5 cm土层的CH4产生潜力最大,土壤CH4产生潜力整体上随着土壤深度的增加而减小;海三棱藨草湿地和芦苇湿地5~10 cm土层的CH4产生潜力最小,互花米草湿地20~30 cm土层的CH4产生潜力最小。土壤p H、有机碳和全氮含量对CH4排放通量有显著的影响。