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91.
Kemner KM Kelly SD Lai B Maser J O'loughlin EJ Sholto-Douglas D Cai Z Schneegurt MA Kulpa CF Nealson KH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5696):686-687
High-energy x-ray fluorescence measurements were used to make elemental maps and qualitative chemical analyses of individual Pseudomonas fluorescens strain NCIMB 11764 cells. Marked differences between planktonic and adhered cells were seen in the morphology, elemental composition, and sensitivity to Cr(VI) of hydrated cells at spatial scales of 150 nm. This technology can be applied to natural geomicrobiological systems. 相似文献
92.
Allen GJ Chu SP Schumacher K Shimazaki CT Vafeados D Kemper A Hawke SD Tallman G Tsien RY Harper JF Chory J Schroeder JI 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2000,289(5488):2338-2342
Cytosolic calcium oscillations control signaling in animal cells, whereas in plants their importance remains largely unknown. In wild-type Arabidopsis guard cells abscisic acid, oxidative stress, cold, and external calcium elicited cytosolic calcium oscillations of differing amplitudes and frequencies and induced stomatal closure. In guard cells of the V-ATPase mutant det3, external calcium and oxidative stress elicited prolonged calcium increases, which did not oscillate, and stomatal closure was abolished. Conversely, cold and abscisic acid elicited calcium oscillations in det3, and stomatal closure occurred normally. Moreover, in det3 guard cells, experimentally imposing external calcium-induced oscillations rescued stomatal closure. These data provide genetic evidence that stimulus-specific calcium oscillations are necessary for stomatal closure. 相似文献
93.
On the cause of the 1930s Dust Bowl 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Schubert SD Suarez MJ Pegion PJ Koster RD Bacmeister JT 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5665):1855-1859
During the 1930s, the United States experienced one of the most devastating droughts of the past century. The drought affected almost two-thirds of the country and parts of Mexico and Canada and was infamous for the numerous dust storms that occurred in the southern Great Plains. In this study, we present model results that indicate that the drought was caused by anomalous tropical sea surface temperatures during that decade and that interactions between the atmosphere and the land surface increased its severity. We also contrast the 1930s drought with other North American droughts of the 20th century. 相似文献
94.
Teschner D Borsodi J Wootsch A Révay Z Hävecker M Knop-Gericke A Jackson SD Schlögl R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2008,320(5872):86-89
Alkynes can be selectively hydrogenated into alkenes on solid palladium catalysts. This process requires a strong modification of the near-surface region of palladium, in which carbon (from fragmented feed molecules) occupies interstitial lattice sites. In situ x-ray photoelectron spectroscopic measurements under reaction conditions indicated that much less carbon was dissolved in palladium during unselective, total hydrogenation. Additional studies of hydrogen content using in situ prompt gamma activation analysis, which allowed us to follow the hydrogen content of palladium during catalysis, indicated that unselective hydrogenation proceeds on hydrogen-saturated beta-hydride, whereas selective hydrogenation was only possible after decoupling bulk properties from the surface events. Thus, the population of subsurface sites of palladium, by either hydrogen or carbon, governs the hydrogenation events on the surface. 相似文献
95.
Chakrapani V Angus JC Anderson AB Wolter SD Stoner BR Sumanasekera GU 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,318(5855):1424-1430
Undoped, high-quality diamond is, under almost all circumstances, one of the best insulators known. However, diamond covered with chemically bound hydrogen shows a pronounced conductivity when exposed to air. This conductivity arises from positive-charge carriers (holes) and is confined to a narrow near-surface region. Although several explanations have been proposed, none has received wide acceptance, and the mechanism remains controversial. Here, we report the interactions of hydrogen-terminated, macroscopic diamonds and diamond powders with aqueous solutions of controlled pH and oxygen concentration. We show that electrons transfer between the diamond and an electrochemical reduction/oxidation couple involving oxygen. This charge transfer is responsible for the surface conductivity and also influences contact angles and zeta potentials. The effect is not confined to diamond and may play a previously unrecognized role in other disparate systems. 相似文献
96.
Oberstrass FC Auweter SD Erat M Hargous Y Henning A Wenter P Reymond L Amir-Ahmady B Pitsch S Black DL Allain FH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5743):2054-2057
The polypyrimidine tract binding protein (PTB) is a 58-kilodalton RNA binding protein involved in multiple aspects of messenger RNA metabolism, including the repression of alternative exons. We have determined the solution structures of the four RNA binding domains (RBDs) of PTB, each bound to a CUCUCU oligonucleotide. Each RBD binds RNA with a different binding specificity. RBD3 and RBD4 interact, resulting in an antiparallel orientation of their bound RNAs. Thus, PTB will induce RNA looping when bound to two separated pyrimidine tracts within the same RNA. This leads to structural models for how PTB functions as an alternative-splicing repressor. 相似文献
97.
The acquisitions of mitochondria and plastids were important events in the evolution of the eukaryotic cell, supplying it with compartmentalized bioenergetic and biosynthetic factories. Ancient invasions by eubacteria through symbiosis more than a billion years ago initiated these processes. Advances in geochemistry, molecular phylogeny, and cell biology have offered insight into complex molecular events that drove the evolution of endosymbionts into contemporary organelles. In losing their autonomy, endosymbionts lost the bulk of their genomes, necessitating the evolution of elaborate mechanisms for organelle biogenesis and metabolite exchange. In the process, symbionts acquired many host-derived properties, lost much of their eubacterial identity, and were transformed into extraordinarily diverse organelles that reveal complex histories that we are only beginning to decipher. 相似文献
98.
Coleman JN Lotya M O'Neill A Bergin SD King PJ Khan U Young K Gaucher A De S Smith RJ Shvets IV Arora SK Stanton G Kim HY Lee K Kim GT Duesberg GS Hallam T Boland JJ Wang JJ Donegan JF Grunlan JC Moriarty G Shmeliov A Nicholls RJ Perkins JM Grieveson EM Theuwissen K McComb DW Nellist PD Nicolosi V 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6017):568-571
If they could be easily exfoliated, layered materials would become a diverse source of two-dimensional crystals whose properties would be useful in applications ranging from electronics to energy storage. We show that layered compounds such as MoS(2), WS(2), MoSe(2), MoTe(2), TaSe(2), NbSe(2), NiTe(2), BN, and Bi(2)Te(3) can be efficiently dispersed in common solvents and can be deposited as individual flakes or formed into films. Electron microscopy strongly suggests that the material is exfoliated into individual layers. By blending this material with suspensions of other nanomaterials or polymer solutions, we can prepare hybrid dispersions or composites, which can be cast into films. We show that WS(2) and MoS(2) effectively reinforce polymers, whereas WS(2)/carbon nanotube hybrid films have high conductivity, leading to promising thermoelectric properties. 相似文献
99.
Jackson JB Cubit JD Keller BD Batista V Burns K Caffey HM Caldwell RL Garrity SD Getter CD Gonzalez C Guzman HM Kaufmann KW Knap AH Levings SC Marshall MJ Steger R Thompson RC Weil E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1989,243(4887):37-44
In 1986 more than 8 million liters of crude oil spilled into a complex region of mangroves, seagrasses, and coral reefs just east of the Caribbean entrance to the Panama Canal. This was the largest recorded spill into coastal habitats in the tropical Americas. Many population of plants and animals in both oiled and unoiled sites had been studied previously, thereby providing an unprecedented measure of ecological variation before the spill. Documenation of the spread of oil and its biological begun immediately. Intertidal mangroves, algae, and associated invertebrates were covered by oil and died soon after. More surprisingly, there was also extensive mortality of shallow subtidal reef corals and infauna of seagrass beds. After 1.5 years only some organisms in areas exposed to the open sea have recovered. 相似文献
100.
Nadeau JH Balling R Barsh G Beier D Brown SD Bucan M Camper S Carlson G Copeland N Eppig J Fletcher C Frankel WN Ganten D Goldowitz D Goodnow C Guenet JL Hicks G Hrabe de Angelis M Jackson I Jacob HJ Jenkins N Johnson D Justice M Kay S Kingsley D Lehrach H Magnuson T Meisler M Poustka A Rinchik EM Rossant J Russell LB Schimenti J Shiroishi T Skarnes WC Soriano P Stanford W Takahashi JS Wurst W Zimmer A;International Mouse Mutagenesis Consortium 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2001,291(5507):1251-1255