Analytical innovations in the detection of phenolics in wines

A liquid chromatographic method with online photometric and luminescent detection for the determination of 18 phenolic compounds in wines is reported. Photometric detection is performed at four wavelengths, namely, 256, 280, 320, and 365 nm, using a diode array detection system. The luminescent detection is achieved by means of a postcolumn derivatization reaction of 10 of these compounds with terbium(III) in the presence of synergistic agents, such as ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and n-octyltriphosphine oxide (TOPO). A micellar medium provided by the surfactants sodium dodecyl sulfate and Triton X-100 was used for the determination of the luminescent chelates at lambdaex 317 and lambdaem 545 nm. The long wavelength emission of lanthanide chelates can minimize interferences from background sample matrix, which usually emit at shorter wavelengths. The analytical features of the photometric and fluorometric methods, such as dynamic ranges of the calibration graphs, detection limits, and precision data, have been obtained. The practical usefulness of the developed methods is demonstrated by the analysis of Spanish and Italian wine samples (red, rosé, oloroso, and white), which were diluted and directly injected into the chromatographic system. The accuracy of both methods was checked by assaying a recovery study, which was performed at three different analyte levels for each type of sample.     

Antibody levels by indirect ELISA test in Trypanosoma evansi infected horses following treatment with quinapyramine sulphate

An ELISA test was used to determine the persistence of antibody levels in horses following treatment for Trypanosoma evansi. In 17 horses with T. evansi from two farms treated and cured with quinapyramine sulphate, ELISA antibody levels fell progressively post-treatment, but remained with positive results for 22.6 months in one horse, 12.8 months in a second, 4.1 months in another four and 2.3 months in three, whilst the rest became negative at 2.3 months. In two horses that suffered a post-treatment infection relapse the decrease in ELISA levels was only temporary, and a new increase in antibody levels was proven. The follow-up of these antibody levels could prove useful in clinical cases and in epidemiological studies, as well as for assessing the efficacy of drug treatment.     

C2H2-reduction byErythrina poeppigiana in a Costa Rican coffee plantation

Acetylene reduction activity by root nodules of the legumeErythrina poeppigiana, growing as shade tree in a Costa Rican coffee plantation, was estimated. The mean activity found was 15.7 nmole C₂H₄ · mg (dry weight)^–1 · h^–1. Root nodules collected at different distances from theErythrina stem showed the same activity per dry weight unit. However, as the biomass of the nodules was highest near the stem, was the acetylene reduction activity (expressed per soil volume) maximal near theErythrina stem and declined with distance.     

Immunohistochemical expression of cyclooxygenase-2 in canine ovarian carcinomas

Ovarian tumours among domestic animals are frequently encountered in bitch. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression has been evaluated in different kind of canine primary epithelial neoplasms. Eleven canine ovarian carcinomas and two normal samples were evaluated immunohistochemically for COX-2 expression. Nine of 11 carcinoma samples (81%) expressed COX-2 enzyme isoform. The immunoreactivity was intracytoplasmically recorded and the intensity ranged from faint to strong. Our results show that COX-2 is expressed in canine ovarian carcinoma, suggesting a potential role of COX-2 in canine ovarian carcinogenesis.     

A retrospective analysis of allele frequency changes of major genes during 20 years of selection in the Italian Large White pig breed

In this study, we investigated whether a selection programme based on boar genetic evaluation obtained with a classical BLUP animal model can change allele frequencies in a pig population. All Italian Large White boars born from 1992 to 2012 with estimated breeding value reliability >0.85 (n = 200) were selected among all boars of this breed. Boars were genotyped with markers in major genes (IGF2 intron3‐g.3072G>A, MC4R p.D298N, VRTN PRE1 insertion, PRKAG3 p.I199V and FTO g.276T>G). Genotyping data were analysed grouping boars in eight classes according to their year of birth. To evaluate the influence of time on allele frequencies of the genotyped markers, multinomial logistic regression models were computed. Four of five polymorphic sites (IGF2, MC4R, VRTN and FTO) showed significant (p < 0.01) changes in allele frequencies over time due to a progressive and continuous increase of one allele (associated with higher lean meat content, higher average daily gain and favourable feed: gain ratio) and, consequently, decrease of the other one, following the directional selection of the selection programme of this pig breed. The retrospective analysis that was carried out in Italian Large White boars suggests that selection based on methodologies assuming the infinitesimal model is able to modify in a quite short period of time allele frequencies in major genes, increasing the frequency of alleles explaining a relevant (non‐infinitesimal) fraction of the overall genetic variability for production traits.     

Goats may experience reproductive failures and shed Coxiella burnetii at two successive parturitions after a Q fever infection

Q fever is a zoonosis caused by the obligate intracellular bacterium, Coxiella burnetii. Aborting domestic ruminants are the main source of human infection. In January 2003, an abortion episode occurred in a dairy caprine herd where 18/60 (30%) goats experienced reproductive problems: 4/60 (7%) aborted and 14/60 (23%) had stillbirths. Serological screening for abortion-related infectious diseases suggested Q fever. The diagnosis of C. burnetii infection was confirmed with PCR based on the occurrence of C. burnetii shedding into vaginal mucus, faeces and colostrums taken after kidding from the affected animals. The pregnancy following this episode resulted in one abortion and four stillbirths; three of those goats had already experienced reproductive failure during the previous kidding season. The seroprevalence of C. burnetii infection and the bacteria shedding were investigated using both ELISA and PCR assays, respectively, during the course of the initial and subsequent kidding seasons. Serological testing, performed on the whole herd 6 weeks after the abortion episode, showed 48/60 (80%) of ELISA positive goats. PCR assay performed on both vaginal swab and milk samples showed that the bacterium was shed for almost four months after the outbreak. C. burnetii DNA was also amplified from vaginal swab and milk samples taken from goats after the second kidding season. Furthermore, the bacteria were found into 14 vaginal swabs and 12 milk samples taken from infected females at both kidding seasons.