Veterinary aspects of ecological monitoring: the natural history of emerging infectious diseases of humans,domestic animals and wildlife

Proliferation of disease pathogens capable of affecting humans, domestic livestock and wildlife increasingly threatens environmental security and biodiversity. Livestock and wild animals in proximity to human beings are often in the chain of transmission and infection. Globalization of industrial livestock production (especially poultry upon which so much of the burgeoning human population depends) often permits transcontinental disease spread. Rapidly expanding (and often illegal) international trade in wild and domestic animals and their products are increasingly involved in the emergence of new diseases that may have the ability to transmit among humans, livestock and wildlife. Rapidly increasing urbanization has led in many places to overcrowded townships that rely on “bushmeat” for sustenance and has contributed to the emergence of virulent zoonotic pathogens. The emergence and proliferation of pathogens are exacerbated by anthropogenic transformation of natural landscapes in order to increase agricultural and livestock production. This paper posits that data gathered by veterinary ecologists should be interpreted and used by other disciplines. The importance of a thorough knowledge of the “natural history” (ecology) of the disease agent and its human, domestic and wild hosts is stressed.     

REV感染肉种鸡后动态病理学观察与抗原分布及检测

用网状内皮组织增生病病毒(REV)人工接种1日龄肉种鸡,定期剖杀,通过病理组织学观察病变特征及肿瘤的发生发展;用免疫组化、PCR检测抗原与病毒在体内各器官的分布规律;超薄切片观察肿瘸细胞、病毒的形态.结果显示,肝脏、脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊较早出现明显的肿瘤增生灶,在这些器官内免疫组化阳性信号出现最早,且信号最强,在5周龄时,心肌、腺胃、肺、肾、骨髓等器官才开始出现阳性信号,但呈中度的阳性反应,9周龄后阳性信号开始减弱.肝脏、脾脏、胸腺、法氏囊、骨髓扩增出REV的LTR基因片段,超薄切片显示病毒多分布在胞浆内和细胞间隙内.研究发现病变明显的组织中,阳性反应较强,肿瘤细胞增生明显,即强阳性反应的组织器官易形成肿瘤转移灶及肿瘤结节,同时,抗原最早出现在这些器官说明其中可能存在REV的靶细胞.虽然阳性信号在腺胃出现较晚,但90%以上的腺胃肿大说明腺胃也是REV的主要侵害器官.     

Socio-economic factors influencing control of vector-borne diseases in the pastoralist system of south western Uganda

Research in control of tick-borne diseases and trypanosomosis, and their vectors, namely, ticks and tsetse flies respectively, has been on going for decades. However, very little attention has been paid to the socio-economic factors that are likely to influence the outcome of the interventions in the control of these diseases. Thus, this study was designed to investigate these factors, mainly the intra-household factors influencing decision-making in the control of Vector-borne diseases in the pastoralist areas of Uganda. These factors included: indigenous technical knowledge, household economic factors, and gender. Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in the collection and analysis of data. The tools used for data collection included among others, participatory learning and action (PLA), and Case studies. The findings included the following: In pastoralist households, a big proportion of the household budget was allocated to vector-borne diseases control. In the male-headed households, men dominated decision-making on vector-borne diseases control, although the goals and priorities of men and women in these households were not the same. Also, vector-borne disease control was predominantly by use of modern veterinary drugs, and pastoralists treated sick cattle by themselves even in situations where there were veterinary personnel.     

The Fluorescent Characterization and Analysis of Two Brucella Attenuated Vaccine Infecting Mouse Macrophagocyte

The experiment was conducted to discuss the difference of binding time of green fluorescent protein B.melitensis M5 (GFP-M5) and B.abortus S19 (GFP-S19) infecting the mouse macrophagocyte (RAW264.7),lysosome,endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body in the initial stage and compare the binding rate of GFP-M5,GFP-S19 with organelle in different timeline,respectively,by confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) and flow cytometry.The result showed that GFP-M5 and GFP-S19 were successfully constructed.The intracellular survival ability of Brucella M5,Brucella S19,GFP-M5 and GFP-S19 were not obvisouly affected after infecting RAW264.7.GFP-M5 and GFP-S19 could enter the macrophagocyte in 30 mins,and in 2 h the Brucella could reach lysosome,endoplasmic reticulum and golgi body.In addition,the binding time for two attenuated vaccine did not show differences in 1,2,3 and 4 h.The content of GFP⁺ cell produced by RAW264.7 infected by GFP-M5 and GFP-S19 did not show significant differences (P>0.05).Therefore,the two strains did not have significant differences in the invasion ability in the initial stage of infecting host cell.     

Normal bacterial flora from vaginas of Criollo Limonero cows

In order to describe the normal bacterial flora in vaginas of Criollo Limonero cows, 51 healthy multiparous cows, at least 90-day postpartum, were selected. Duplicated swabs (N = 102) were taken from the vaginal fornix of cows to perform aerobic and anaerobic cultures as well as conventional biochemical tests. Out of 102 swabs, bacterial growth was obtained in 55 (53.9%) while the remaining 47 (46.1%) did not exhibited any bacterial growth. Of the 55 bacterial growths, 23 (41.8%) were aerobic whereas 32 (58.1%) were anaerobic. Likewise, 29 (52.72%) of bacterial growths were pure and 26 (47.27%) were mixed. Under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, Gram positive bacteria were predominant (81.82% and 73.08%, respectively) over Gram negative bacteria (18.18% and 26.92%, respectively). Isolated bacteria were Arcanobacterium pyogenes (22.92%), Staphylococcus aureus (15.63%), Staphylococcus coagulase negative (17.71%), Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae (6.25%), Bacteroides spp. (13.54%), and Peptostreptococcus spp. (7.29%). In conclusion, normal vaginal bacterial flora of Criollo Limonero cows was predominantly Gram positive and included A. pyogenes, S. aureus, coagulase negative Staphylococcus, E. rhusiopathiae, Bacteroides spp., and Peptostreptococcus spp. In Criollo Limonero cattle, adaptive aspects such as development of humoral and physical mechanisms for defense, and bacterial adaptation to host deserve research attention.     

二元和三元后备母猪批次化生产技术应用效果分析

本试验于2018年5~10月在天津某猪场对二元(长×大)和三元(杜×长×大)后备母猪应用批次化生产技术后的静立率、淘汰率、妊娠率和窝产仔数等繁殖力指标进行了统计分析。试验分为常温(5—7月)和高温(8—10月)两个阶段,每批参与试验的二元和三元母猪均大于30头。结果表明:在常温季节,三元后备母猪在静立率、妊娠率和总体妊娠率等方面与二元后备母猪无显著性差异(P>0.05);而在高温季节,三元后备母猪的静立率、妊娠率和总体妊娠率等方面均显著低于二元后备母猪(P<0.05)。相对于常温季节,高温季节里二元和三元母猪的妊娠率和总体妊娠率均显著降低,但在静立率方面只有三元母猪显著降低(P<0.05)。不论是在高温季节还是在常温季节,三元后备母猪的窝产仔数和窝均产仔数均显著低于二元后备母猪,而淘汰率却显著高于二元后备母猪(P<0.05)。结论:在常温季节,三元母猪静立率和妊娠率均与二元母猪差异不显著;但在高温季节三元母猪静立率和妊娠率均显著低于二元母猪;不论是高温还是常温季节,三元母猪的窝产仔数都显著低于二元母猪,而淘汰率显著高于二元母猪。     

鸭疫里氏杆菌免疫原性研究Ⅰ.荚膜的形态学观察及荚膜物质的提取

本研究应用电镜对Ⅰ型鸭疫里氏杆菌的荚膜进行了初步观察,在电镜下,负染的菌体周围呈一电子透明层;未经抗体处理的细菌超薄切片,荚膜在菌体周围呈松散的絮状结构,而应用同源抗体处理后,荚膜则呈一均匀层。同时在超薄切片中还看到细菌的空泡和外膜结构。采用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵（ＣＴＡＢ）成功地提取了培养物上清液中的荚膜成分,经过测定比较,加入５ｍＭＣＴＡＢ时效果最佳。     

Pharmacokinetics of sanguinarine,chelerythrine, and their metabolites in broiler chickens following oral and intravenous administration

Sanguinarine (SA) and chelerythrine (CHE) are the main active components of the phytogenic livestock feed additive, Sangrovit®. However, little information is available on the pharmacokinetics of Sangrovit® in poultry. The goal of this work was to study the pharmacokinetics of SA, CHE, and their metabolites, dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) and dihydrochelerythrine (DHCHE), in 10 healthy female broiler chickens following oral (p.o.) administration of Sangrovit® and intravenous (i.v.) administration of a mixture of SA and CHE. The plasma samples were processed using two different simple protein precipitation methods because the parent drugs and metabolites are stable under different pH conditions. The absorption and metabolism of SA following p.o. administration were fast, with half‐life (t_1/2) values of 1.05 ± 0.18 hr and 0.83 ± 0.10 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. The maximum concentration (C_max) of DHSA (2.49 ± 1.4 μg/L) was higher that of SA (1.89 ± 0.8 μg/L). The area under the concentration vs. time curve (AUC) values for SA and DHSA were 9.92 ± 5.4 and 6.08 ± 3.49 ng/ml hr, respectively. Following i.v. administration, the clearance (CL) of SA was 6.79 ± 0.63 (L·h^?1·kg^?1) with a t_1/2 of 0.34 ± 0.13 hr. The AUC values for DHSA and DHCHE were 7.48 ± 1.05 and 0.52 ± 0.09 (ng/ml hr), respectively. These data suggested that Sangrovit® had low absorption and bioavailability in broiler chickens. The work reported here provides useful information on the pharmacokinetic behavior of Sangrovit® after p.o. and i.v. administration in broiler chickens, which is important for the evaluation of its use in poultry.     

氟化物对鸡甲状腺激素代谢的影响

选用 1日龄蛋鸡 2 5 0只 ,随机分为 5组 ,每组 5 0只 ,饲喂相同的全价日粮。第 1组为正常对照组 ;第 2、3、4、5组在日粮中添加不同量的氟化钠 ,使日粮中氟的含量分别为 5 0 0、10 0 0、15 0 0、2 0 0 0 m g/ kg。试验期 15 0 d。每隔 30 d采集血样 ,测定血清中氟、甲状腺激素 (T3、T4 )的含量 ,观察试验鸡的临床表现。结果表明 ,本试验成功地复制出了不同程度的鸡慢性氟中毒模型 ;各氟中毒组鸡血清中 T4 含量在整个试验期内均低于对照组 ,且呈明显的剂量—效应关系 ;在早期 ,各中毒组血清 T3含量不同程度地高于对照组 ,而中、后期则低于对照组 ,且与血清中氟含量呈显著的负相关(r=- 0 .85 3,P<0 .0 1)。由此可见 ,氟中毒明显破坏机体内甲状腺激素的代谢 ,影响甲状腺机能的正常发挥。