Identification of new strawberry sulfur volatiles and changes during maturation

Two Florida strawberry cultivars, 'Strawberry Festival' and 'Florida Radiance', were harvested at five fruit developmental stages (white, half red, three-quarter red, full ripe, and overripe) at four harvest dates. A static headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME) sampling technique coupled with gas chromatography (GC) using pulsed flame photometric detection (PFPD) was employed to measure 16 sulfur volatiles in these strawberries. A total of 7 sulfur volatiles have been previously reported, and 9 are reported for the first time in strawberries. Newly identified sulfur volatiles include methyl thiopropionate, ethyl thiobutanoate, methyl thiohexanoate, methyl (methylthio)acetate, ethyl (methylthio)acetate, methyl 2-(methylthio)butyrate, methyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, ethyl 3-(methylthio)propionate, and methyl thiooctanoate. Identifications were based on matching sulfur peak linear retention indexes (LRIs) of unknowns with authentic standards and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) data. Concentrations were determined using both internal and external standards. Most sulfur volatiles increased with increasing maturity, with only concentrations of hydrogen sulfide and methanethiol remaining relatively consistent at all five stages. At the white and half red stages, most sulfur volatiles consisted of various alkyl sulfides. At three-quarter red (commercial ripe), full ripe, and overripe stages, the majority of sulfur volatiles consisted of sulfur esters. Most sulfur volatiles increased dramatically between the commercial ripe, full ripe, and overripe stages, increasing as much as 100% between full ripe and overripe. Principal component analysis indicated that sulfur volatiles could be used to distinguish overripe from full ripe and commercial ripe berries.     

磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和转化

采用室内土柱实验研究了磷在潮土肥际微域中的迁移和形态转化。结果表明,磷在潮土中的移动距离很短,经过7 d和28 d的迁移,磷的迁移距离仅为8～14 mm。施入的磷主要固定在紧靠施肥点2 mm土体范围内,随距施肥点距离的增加,土壤水溶性磷、酸溶性磷和有效磷的含量呈指数曲线迅速降低。磷在施肥后7 d内的迁移量较大,迁移进入土壤的磷绝大部分被吸附固定。施肥量对不同形态磷在肥际微域中的迁移量产生显著影响;但培养时间只明显影响了水溶性磷的迁移量。     

基于多源遥感数据的综合干旱监测模型构建

在全球气候变化越来越复杂的大背景下,准确监测华北粮食主产区的旱情对区域农业生产有重要的指导意义。以往的遥感干旱监测方法多侧重于监测土壤或植被等单一干旱响应因子,反映综合信息的能力较差,为此该研究使用中分辨率成像光谱仪(moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer,MODIS)、热带降水测量计划(tropical rainfall measuring mission,TRMM)卫星等多源遥感数据,在综合考虑干旱发生发展过程中的土壤水分胁迫、植被生长状态和气象降水盈亏等因素的基础上,利用空间数据挖掘技术,构建综合干旱监测模型,并以山东省为例进行了试验验证。结果表明,模型监测出山东省近年来所经历的重大干旱过程与实际旱情一致,模型输出的旱情指标-综合干旱指数(synthesized drought index,SDI)与小麦的标准化作物单产变量的相关系数均大于0.7(P0.05);在小麦和玉米的生长期,综合干旱指数与作物受灾面积的相关系数在-0.67～-0.85之间,与标准化降水指数(standardized precipitation index,SPI)的相关系数在0.44～0.67之间,且通过了P0.01的极显著检验(3月份除外)。研究结果为综合评估区域干旱提供了一种新的方法。     

高速插秧机钵体毯状苗纵向送秧装置的设计与试验

基于现有高速插秧机平台,改进设计适用于钵体毯状苗的纵向送秧装置。对钵体毯状苗的插秧特点进行分析。针对钵体毯状苗对纵向送秧装置的要求,对纵向送秧装置进行了详细的理论分析和设计。通过Solidworks建模并对装置的工作状态进行虚拟仿真。设计加工样机进行试验分析,试验结果表明,多次纵向送秧误差均在2 mm以内,且不存在累积误差,故满足设计要求。保证了机器在高速工作状况下,纵向送秧的精度和非送秧过程时秧苗的纵向位置固定。该文设计的纵向送秧装置使得钵体毯状苗在插秧机平台上的纵向送秧:精准、稳定、可靠。为钵体毯状苗实现高速机械插秧提供了可靠的设计方案和理论依据。     

蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜对有机酸及乙醇的抗性比较

为比较蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜对环境压力的抗性,该文主要研究了4种有机酸（乙酸、柠檬酸、乳酸和苹果酸）和乙醇对蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜存活率的影响。结果表明：生物被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌对乙酸的抗性高于浮游态菌。扫描电镜结果显示,经乙酸处理后,浮游态蜡样芽孢杆菌的细胞表面严重受损,而生物被膜态菌的表面形态未发生明显变化。在柠檬酸、乳酸、苹果酸和乙醇存在的条件下,生物被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌比浮游态菌表现出更强的压力抗性,特别是在高浓度（有机酸16%～20%,乙醇50%～60%）的情况下,该现象尤为显著。因此,在食品工业中控制被膜态蜡样芽孢杆菌对预防和阻止食品腐败非常重要。该研究结果为实际生产中有效控制蜡样芽孢杆菌及其生物被膜的形成提供参考。     

激光平地改善土壤水盐分布并提高春小麦产量

为了促进激光平地技术的应用与推广,在河套灌区以普通畦田为对照,分期、分段测定了激光平地畦田0～80 cm土层土壤水分、土壤盐分及春小麦生长状况。结果表明,从渠口到畦尾,激光平地畦田不同地段的土壤水分在春小麦生长的不同时期无显著差异,但从拔节期开始,上层土壤盐分逐渐升高;普通畦田从三叶期开始,上层土壤水分、盐分逐渐提高,且显著或极显著高于激光平地。普通畦田从三叶期开始,激光平地从拔节期开始,从渠口到畦尾,春小麦的生长状况逐渐变差,千粒质量、产量均逐渐降低,但激光平地的春小麦千粒质量、产量高于普通畦田。激光平地改善了畦田的土壤水分、盐分分布,促进了畦田中后段的春小麦生长,提高了畦田中后段的水分利用率及产出率。     

生产建设项目用地土壤风蚀量监测方法与预报模型分析

准确掌握生产建设项目用地土壤风蚀量是合理编制水土流失治理方案的必要前提和有效防控人为水土流失的重要基础;但目前对监测方法和预报模型的研究比较薄弱,一些研究中监测方法的适用性和模型参数的准确性还有待商榷。文章系统总结土壤风蚀的观测方法和预报模型,根据这些方法和模型的各自特点,分析它们在生产建设项目中的适用性。认为测扦法、调查法、扫描法、风蚀盘法、集沙仪法、核素示踪法以及Pasak模型和风蚀流失量公式都可以根据不同项目的实际情况和地区特征应用到生产实践中。在此基础上,讨论相关研究的发展方向。本文结果可为生产建设项目土壤风蚀量测算模型的构建提供参考。     

基于语义驱动的日光温室图纸三维建模方法

为了从日光温室施工图纸中重建出温室结构三维模型,提出基于语义映射的施工图纸三维重建方法。首先解析和分类日光温室施工图纸DXF文件,从中识别和理解主要特征构件,建立日光温室构件语义模型并生成分层控制参数,进而基于参数化驱动日光温室三维建模,最后对日光温室三维模型进行真实感渲染。该方法整合CAD制图与三维建模技术,有利于提高日光温室施工图纸的读图效率,建立的三维温室模型具有保真性、交互性和真实感等特性,可用于工程量和造价计算、温室结构优化以及虚拟展示。     

Soil Redistribution investigations by combined use of soil 137Cs and selected chemical properties

Abstract

To improve the methods of application of phosphorus or supply of soil P to Azolla (A. microphylld), basal application, split application, inoculation of P-enriched Azolla, and soil disturbance were compared. Soil disturbance did not increase the floodwater P content. Phosphorus was applied to inoculum production plots to enrich Azolla with P. Thus, phosphorus-enriched Azolla could multiply 5–7 times after inoculation until it became P deficient. Trials on the methods of enrichment of Azolla with P showed that the best method was to broadcast twice 4.33 kg P (10 kg P₂O₅/ha) at 2-day intervals and to harvest Azolla 3 days after P application. Addition of P once or twice 2 weeks after the inoculation of P-enriched Azolla further increased the biomass production. Efficiency of P application was analyzed in terms of N gain in relation to the amount of P applied. This ratio in the P-enriched Azolla treatment was higher than the economically sound ratio -5-, and higher than or equal to that in the standard split application.     

正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机设计与试验

针对稻麦两茬轮作区,小麦收获时间短、水稻插秧费时费力、直播整地要求高的问题,利用反转灭茬技术和主动防拥堵技术,同时借鉴小麦宽幅精播技术,设计了一种正反转组合式水稻宽苗带灭茬播种机,一次完成旋耕、灭茬、防堵、深施肥、宽苗带播种、覆土和镇压功能。在稻麦两熟区进行了试验,结果表明,反转旋耕装置能很好的灭茬,正转清草装置能有效防堵,在正反旋耕的配合作用下,种床土壤细碎,播种覆土均匀,播种深度和施肥深度变异系数分别为4.58%和2.40%,种肥垂直间距变异系数为4.72%;平均苗带宽度为138.4 mm,与理论设计宽度差异不显著;不同苗带宽度上种子分布有差异但不显著,符合设计要求;苗带宽度对水稻生长有影响,苗带两侧有效分蘖和成穗率显著高于苗带中间(P0.05);机具的通过性满足农艺要求。