苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑乳油气相色谱分析

本文介绍了采用气相色谱法用HP-5毛细管柱,以邻苯二甲酸二正辛酯为内标物,氢火焰离子化检测器对苯醚甲环唑.丙环唑乳油进行定量分析。结果表明,苯醚甲环唑、丙环唑的线性相关系数为1.000 0、0.999 9;平均回收率为99.87%、99.98%;标准偏差为0.12、0.04;变异系数为0.82%、0.28%。     

Management strategies for the control of Tuta absoluta (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) damage in open‐field cultivations of processing tomato in Tuscany (Italy)

Since its recent introduction into the Mediterranean area, Tuta absoluta (Meyrick) has become widespread and an important pest throughout the region, including in Tuscany, where it was first recorded in 2009. Although several studies have been conducted within controlled environments on the ecology and management of T. absoluta, limited information is currently available on the importance of this pest in open‐field cultivations, which may lead to ineffective management strategies. This study was carried out to monitor fluctuations in adult populations of T. absoluta in organic and conventional cultivations of processing tomatoes using pheromone lures, and to collect inter‐annual data on direct yield loss and fruit damage from larval feeding in two separate trials in Grosseto (Tuscany). The first trial included eight conventionally managed fields; the second trial was carried out in four organically managed fields. Results show relatively higher crop damage for tomatoes transplanted later in the season and harvested towards the end of August to early September, and limited fruit damage from this pest during the second year of the study for both conventional and organically managed fields. Finally, biological and chemical pest management strategies for the control of T. absoluta adopted by farmers within the region are reviewed and discussed.     

Comparative spatial analysis of the sooty blotch/flyspeck disease complex,bull’s eye and bitter rots of apples

The incidence of sooty blotch/flyspeck (SBFS) and bitter and bull’s eye rots were assessed in a Fuji apple orchard during two seasons. Using a regular sampling design, 252 trees were selected and 20 fruits per tree were sampled at harvest and scored for disease incidence. For bitter and bull’s eye rots, additional assessments were made on all symptomless fruit after a 30‐day period of storage. Randomness in the spatial pattern was assessed using beta‐binomial analysis of incidence data for three sampling scales (one, three or six adjacent trees as sampling units) and using Spatial Analysis by Distance Indices (sadie ) for disease counts for the 3‐tree sampling scale. sadie was also used for testing spatial associations between a pair of diseases, between years for the same disease or between rotted and latently infected fruit. Using a toroidal‐shifts procedure, 360 maps of disease counts were created based on the observed data, which were further analysed using sadie . Most datasets showed an aggregated spatial pattern, which was more consistent for the two fruit rots than SBFS, which showed distinct patterns depending on the year or method of analysis. The two fruit rots were spatially associated in most situations but SBFS and bull’s eye rot were dissociated in one season. Results from virtual orchards showed that the patterns observed in the original maps may accurately represent those in similar apple‐growing areas. Hypotheses regarding aspects of ecology and epidemiology of pathogens studied and potential efficacy of control measures in the region are discussed.     

杀菌剂异丙菌胺原药的反相高效液相色谱分析方法

采用高效液相色谱法,以乙腈-水(体积比70∶30)为流动相,使用以ZORBAX E-clipse XDB-C18、5μm为填料的不锈钢柱和二极管阵列检测器,柱温25℃,流速1.0mL/min,在220nm波长下,对杀菌剂异丙菌胺原药样品进行定性定量分析。结果表明:异丙菌胺浓度为1.6～200μg/mL范围内,方法线性相关系数为0.999 9,标准偏差为0.26,变异系数为0.27%,平均回收率为99.96%。     

山西和内蒙两省农药管理基本现状及存在问题浅析

本文概述了我国山西和内蒙两省农药管理的基本情况及其存在问题,探讨并分析了相关问题发生的主要原因,并提出了规避建议等。加强《农药管理条例》配套规章的制定,鼓励新农药包括生物农药的研发与登记,加强高毒农药和高风险农药的经营管理,加大农民安全用药培训与指导,将有利于保证我国农产品质量安全。     

稻纵卷叶螟控制方法研究进展

近年来,稻纵卷叶螟已成为害水稻的重要害虫。结合生产实际,介绍稻纵卷叶螟的发生、分布、危害情况,重点讨论了控制稻纵卷叶螟发生的新方法和技术,指出存在的问题及对策。     

Characterization,phylogenetic analyses and pathogenicity of Bipolaris setariae associated with brown stripe disease on sugarcane in Yunnan,China

Brown stripe disease is a severe foliar fungal disease of sugarcane worldwide and is widespread in all sugarcane planting areas in China. Brown stripe is a major disease that seriously affects the output and quality of the sugarcane industry in Yunnan Province, China's second-largest sugar base, while the pathogen of this disease remains not yet fully understood. To address this, we isolated and identified the fungi associated with 68 leaf samples showing typical symptoms of brown stripe from 22 sugarcane varieties in different areas of Yunnan Province. A total of 113 isolates were obtained, which were morphologically similar. Of these, 64 representative isolates were sequenced for the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), GAPDH and EF-1α loci. All representative isolates grouped with the type strain of Bipolaris setariae in the phylogenetic trees inferred with individual and concatenated sequences of ITS, GAPDH and EF1-α. Pathogenicity test results showed that B. setariae strains were able to induce typical symptoms of brown stripe. The results obtained in this study clarify that only B. setariae is associated with sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, China. It is recorded here for the first time as a pathogen causing sugarcane brown stripe in Yunnan, and it is able to infect many major cultivars and new varieties, posing a new threat to the sugar industry in Yunnan Province. In addition, these results provide the scientific basis for the future breeding of disease-resistant varieties and effective prevention and control of sugarcane brown stripe disease.     

环戊（口恶）草酮90g/L悬浮剂高效液相色谱分析方法研究

本文采用高效液相色谱法,以乙腈＋水溶液为流动相,使用以ZORBAX SB-C18、5μm为填料的不锈钢柱和二极管阵列检测器,在245nm波长下对环戊（嗯）草酮90g/L悬浮剂进行分离和定量分析.结果表明,该分析方法的线性相关系数为1.000 0,标准偏差为0.013,变异系数为0.14％,平均回收率为99.06％.     

The significance of guttation in the secondary spread of Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis in tomato greenhouses

Bacterial canker, caused by Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. michiganensis (Cmm), can spread in commercial tomato greenhouses causing epidemics. Results of greenhouse experiments with Cmm‐contaminated tools demonstrated disease spread for only a limited distance (<4 plants) from infected plants. However, touching symptomless infected plants bearing guttation droplets prior to touching nearby plants spread the pathogen over longer distances within rows (>22 plants). The pathogen was exuded in large numbers in the guttation fluid of infected plants; its presence in the guttation fluid was not influenced by the inoculation procedures, leaf age or the volume of the guttation droplets. Population size of Cmm and the incidence of leaflets with epiphytic bacteria were significantly higher in plants placed in a guttation‐induction chamber than in those kept in a growth chamber with high humidity, suggesting exudation through guttation contributed to the formation of epiphytic populations on leaflets. This new knowledge may provide a simple and environmentally friendly means for decreasing the spread of the disease by avoiding contact with plants during periods when they bear guttation droplets.     

Biological control of botrytis bunch rot in organic wine grapes with the yeast antagonist Candida sake CPA‐1

The aim of this research was to confirm the efficacy of the yeast antagonist Candida sake CPA‐1 in suppressing botrytis bunch rot development, in an organic vineyard under Mediterranean conditions for two seasons, and compare its performance with that of two biologically based products currently registered for botrytis bunch rot control in New Zealand. In 2009, treatments applied were: commercial formulations of Ulocladium oudemansii (BOTRY‐Zen^®) and chitosan (ARMOUR‐Zen^®), C. sake CPA‐1 combined with the fatty acid‐based additive Fungicover^® and combinations of these products. All treatments were applied six times between early flowering and harvest and compared with an unsprayed control. In 2010, the treatments focused on C. sake and Fungicover and the number of applications was reduced from six to four. The population dynamics of U. oudemansii and C. sake were measured and wine quality tests were carried out in both seasons. Disease control achieved by C. sake treatments in 2009 were comparable to those achieved by BOTRY‐Zen and ARMOUR‐Zen. Applications of C. sake plus Fungicover between flowering and harvest significantly (P < 0·05) reduced botrytis bunch rot incidence and severity by 64% and 90%, respectively, compared with the untreated control in 2009, and by 67% and 89%, respectively, in 2010. Treatments did not adversely affect wine quality parameters after treated grapes were processed. Candida sake consistently provided effective control of botrytis bunch rot in grapes under different meteorological and disease pressure conditions, thereby improving its potential for future commercial applications.