Efficacy and phytotoxicity of multiple petroleum oil sprays on sweet orange (Citrus sinensis (L.)) and pummelo (C. grandis (L.)) in Southern China

The efficacy of pest control of three different oil formulations in multiple low-concentration spray programmes on sweet orange and pummelo were compared with unsprayed and normal farmer-treatments over three years. Phytotoxicity of sprays was assessed in terms of fruit and leafdrop, fruityield and external fruitquality. Trees sprayed with any type of oil had lower pest numbers than unsprayed trees. On sweet orange, the heaviest oil was better than the normal farm practice at controlling chaff scale on fruit and red mite and whitefly on leaves. On pummelo it provided the best control of red mite on leaves. All three oils were as effective as the normal farm practice in control of rust mite on sweet orange fruit and leaves and red mite, rust mite and red scale on pummelo fruit. On sweet orange trees there was no evidence of phytotoxicity, and the external quality of fruit generally improved over time. On pummelo trees, oil sprays were unable to improve the external fruitquality. The number of pummelo per tree was reduced in three of the oil spray schedules in 1995 and one in 1996, but the total weight of fruit harvested per tree was unaffected.     

Use of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations to rule out a diagnosis of hypoadrenocorticism in dogs: 123 cases (2000-2005)

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether basal serum or plasma cortisol concentration can be used as a screening test to rule out hypoadrenocorticism in dogs. DESIGN: Retrospective case-control study. ANIMALS: 110 dogs with nonadrenal gland illnesses and 13 dogs with hypoadrenocorticism. PROCEDURES: Sensitivity and specificity of basal serum or plasma cortisol concentrations of either 2 microg/dL that are not receiving corticosteroids, mitotane, or ketoconazole are highly unlikely to have hypoadrenocorticism. However, if the basal cortisol concentration is 相似文献   

Efficacy of parvaquone in the treatment of naturally occurring theileriosis in cattle in Iraq

Summary Parvaquone was tested in cattle infected withTheileria annulata when they were presented at clinics in the vicinity of Baghdad. Out of over 200 cases presented with suspected theileriosis between July 1984 and July 1985, the drug was used in 45 cases where theileriosis was confirmed by microscopic examination of blood and lymph node biopsy smears. Twenty seven of the cases were considered mild and 18 cases severe. Weights of the cattle were estimated and parvaquone was administered by intramuscular injection at a nominal dose of 20 mg/kg. A single treatment with parvaquone was used in 25 cases and 20 cases were treated twice but there was no correlation between severity of disease and the number of treatments given. Twelve cases (27%) also received antibacterial therapy. All cases were in exotic cattle or cattle born from exotic (imported) cattle and 64% of the cases were in cattle under six months of age. Temperatures dropped immediately after treatment and the majority were normal (below 39.5°C) by two to three days after the first treatment. Of the 45 cases treated 43 recovered. This compares very favourably with a previously reported mortality of 66% in untreated imported cattle in Iraq.

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Eficacia Del Parvaquone En El Tratamiento De La Theilerosis Natural En Ganado En Iraq

Resumen Se trató ganado infectado conTheileria annulata en forma natural con parvaquone, en clínicas veterinarias localizadas en la vecindad de Baghdad. De 200 casos admitidos con sospecha de theileriosis, entre julio 1984 y julio 1985, la droga se usó en 45 casos confirmados mediante el examen microscópico de frotis de sangre y biopsias de ganglios linfáticos. Veintisiete de los casos se consideraron moderados y 18 casos severos. Se estimaron los pesos de los animales enfermos, suministrandoles parvaquone vía intramuscular en dosis nominales de 20 mg/kg (rango 16–35 mg/kg). Se utilizó un solo tratamiento con parvaquone en 25 casos clínicos, mediante la aplicación de una sola inyección y se aplicaron dos inyecciones en 20 casos (doble tratamiento), sin que se encontrara correlación alguna entre la severidad de la enfermedad, recuperación y número de tratamientos. Doce casos (27%) recibieron también algún tratamiento antibacteriano. Todos los casos de theileriosis se presentaron en ganado exótico o nacido de ganado exótico (importado) y 64% de los casos ocurrieron en ganado bajo los seis meses de edad. La temperatura bajó inmediatamente después del tratamiento, normalizándose dos o tres días después de tratamiento (bajo 39.5°C). De los 45 casos tratados 43 se recuperaron. Se informa una mortalidad previa de 60% en ganado importado no tratado contra theileriosis en Iraq.

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Efficacite De La Parvaquone Pour Le Traitement De La Theileriose Naturelle Des Bovins En Irak

Résumé La parvaquone a été essayée pour le traitement de bovins infectés parTheileria annulata lorsqu'ils étaient présentés aux cliniques des environs de Bagdad. Sur plus de 200 cas présentés pour suspicion de theilériose entre juillet 1984 et juillet 1985, le médicament a été utilisé dans 45 cas où la theilériose était confirmée par l'examen microscopique du sang et de biopsies de ganglions lymphatiques, 27 cas étaient considérés comme des atteintes modérées et 18 comme des cas graves. Les poids des animaux étaient estimés à l'oeil et la parvaquone administrée par voie intra-musculaire à la dose normale de 20 mg/kg (soit 16 à 35 mg/kg). Un traitement unique à la parvaquone a été pratiqué dans 25 cas et il a du être renouvelé dans 20 cas mais il n'y avait pas corrélation entre la gravité des symptômes et le nombre de traitements requis. Dans 12 cas (27%) une thérapie antibactérienne a également été mise en oeuvre. Tous les malades étaient des animaux importés ou issus d'animaux importés et dans 64% des cas les animaux étaient âgés de moins de 6 mois. Les températures ont chuté immédiatement après le traitement et, pour la plupart, étaient normales (moins de 39°5) deux à trois jours après le traitement—sur 45 animaux traités, 43 ont guéri. Ces résultats apparaissent très favorables par rapport à la mortalité de 66% rapportée antérieurement et affectant les bovins non traités en Irak.

     

Activity of 10 naphthoquinones, including parvaquone (993C) and menoctone, in cattle artificially infected with Theileria parva

Ten naphthoquinones, including parvaquone (993C) (Clexon; Wellcome) and menoctone, were tested for activity in cattle artificially infected with Theileria parva, the causative organism of East Coast fever (ECF). Parvaquone cured all 14 cattle treated with a single dose of 20 mg/kg intramuscularly and all five treated twice with 10 mg/kg intramuscularly. Menoctone cured seven of 10 cattle treated with a single dose of 5 mg/kg intramuscularly. Of 25 untreated control cattle, 22 died of ECF. None of the remaining eight naphthoquinones was as active as parvaquone. Three esters of active naphthoquinones, designed as 'prodrugs' of their parent compounds, showed little or no activity in infected cattle despite being highly active in vitro against T parva. These results were instrumental in the selection of parvaquone for development as the first specifically active remedy for ECF.     

Evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for serodiagnosis of infections with Theileria parva and T annulata

An enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to determine antibody levels in cattle infected with Theileria parva and T annulata, using antigens prepared from the intra-erythrocytic piroplasm stage of the parasites. Antibody levels in calves infected with T parva increased from the 16th day after infection to reach peak values at days 28 to 35 and then declined rapidly, but in calves infected with T annulata antibody levels rose steadily up to day 40. Similar patterns of antibody production were shown by indirect fluorescent antibody tests. Sera from animals infected with T parva gave higher ELISA values with the antigen prepared from the homologous parasite species than with the antigen prepared from T annulata, but sera from cattle infected with T annulata gave similar high ELISA values with antigens prepared from both T parva and T annulata. Sera from animals infected with T mutans, T sergenti, T velifera, Babesia divergens, B major and B bovis gave only slight or no cross reactions with the piroplasm antigens, but serum from a calf infected with B bigemina cross reacted at a significant level with both piroplasm antigens.     

Protoporphyrinogen IX-oxidizing activities involved in the mode of action of a new compound N-[4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-{3-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl-methoxy}-phenyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide

N-[4-Chloro-2-fluoro-5-{3-(2-fluorophenyl)-5-methyl-4,5-dihydroisoxazol-5-yl-methoxy}-phenyl]-3,4,5,6-tetrahydrophthalimide (EK-5385) is an experimental substituted bicyclic herbicide. Soil-applied EK-5385 showed good rice selectivity and potent herbicidal activity on barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli var. oryzicola) at rates of 3.9-250 g a.i./ha. Barnyardgrass was exhibited normal growth under dark condition, however, the growth of shoot and root was severely inhibited under light condition (14/10 h of light/dark, 50 μmol/m²/s of photosynthetically active radiation) when treated with EK-5385, oxadiazon, and oxadiargyl. IC₅₀ of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl to chlorophyll loss in cucumber cotyledons was approximately 0.3 and 0.7 μM, respectively. IC₅₀ of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl to carotenoids loss in cucumber cotyledons was about 0.26 and 0.1 μM, respectively. IC₅₀ concentration of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl on Protox activity was approximately 5.5 and 8 nM, respectively. Cellular leakage occurred without lag period from cucumber leaf squares treated with 1 μM of EK-5385 and oxadiargyl under light exposure.