Pulp in Shop-Bought Orange Juice Has Little Effect on Flavonoid Content and Gut Bacterial Flavanone Degradation In Vitro

Orange juice is an important source of flavanones in the Western diet. However, little is known of the variation in flavanone content of shop-bought orange juice with pulp (OJP) or without pulp (OJ), nor the impact of pulp on the fate of flavanones in the gut. Total phenols, total flavonoids, antioxidant capacity, hesperidin and narirutin, and dietary fibre were measured in six orange juice brands sold as OJP and OJ. The inclusion of pulp had little impact on fibre content. Apart from total phenols (OJ: 208.4?±?10.7 μg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) ml^?1; OJP: 225.9?±?16.7 μg GAE ml^?1, P?<?0.05), there were no differences between OJ and OJP. The fate of flavanones in OJ and OJP (Tropicana) were further compared using in vitro gastrointestinal (GI) models. After in vitro upper GI digestion, recovery of hesperidin was higher in OJ compared with OJP (89?±?6 vs. 68?±?3%, P?=?0.033). After 2 h colonic fermentation, hesperidin was 1.2 fold higher in OJP than OJ. However, after 24 h colonic fermentation there was no significant difference between juices in terms of hesperidin, hesperetin, narirutin, naringenin and catabolites. In conclusion, the amount of pulp included in these shop-bought orange juices had little impact on flavanone metabolism in models of the GI tract. The effects of greater amounts of orange pulp remain to be determined.

     

基于集对分析模型的水土保持工程效益后评价研究

[目的]建立一个科学合理的水土保持效益后评价指标体系对水土保持工程进行效益评价,为小流域的生态治理提供科学后评估依据。[方法]综合分析小流域水土保持工程特性和影响水土保持工程效益的关键因素,识别和选取水土保持工程效益后评价的13项关键指标,建立小流域工程效益后评价指标体系,运用层次分析法和熵值法改进评价指标的权重,结合评价指标数据和指标评价标准应用改进的集对分析模型开展工程效益后评价研究。[结果]改进的集对分析模型结果表明,评价指标体系中水保效益、生态效益、社会效益,流域水土保持工程效益评价总体处于2级水平,流域治理的成效显著、可供开发的空间和潜力较大。[结论]该方法是一种有效地针对小流域的水土保持工程效益评价的新方法。在构建水土保持工程效益后评价指标体系的基础上,将该方法运用到水土保持工程效益后评价中,基本达到了预期的研究目的。     

典型黑土区陡坡植草水土流失防治效果研究

[目的]研究陡坡生物防治与影响因素的变化关系,为侵蚀沟治理、水土保持植被措施配置等决策提供科学依据。[方法]设置2个坡度,7种草本植被配置模式,于2018年6—9月开展了自然小区水土流失监测。[结果] 1∶1.5和1∶1.2坡比边坡草本建植当年分别较裸地平均减流27%和26%,减沙52%和21%,坡度由34°增加到40°,地表径流虽未增加,但土壤侵蚀量明显增加;影响产流产沙的降雨因子主要有雨量,I_(30),E,EI_(30),坡度变陡,相关性增强;建植草无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播减流减沙效果最好,紫花苜蓿、无芒雀麦、早熟禾3种草种混播减流效果优于单播;1∶1.2坡比边坡随着植被盖度的增加减沙效果逐渐增强,且在植被盖度大于50%时减沙效果接近1∶1.5坡比边坡。[结论]在无芒雀麦和紫花苜蓿混播草本配置下,1∶1.2坡比削坡在侵蚀沟治理时可采用,能减少20%的削坡占地面积。     

山区生态保护对当地社区居民生计影响的研究进展及展望

山区生态保护和农村扶贫是发展中国家重要的政策,山区生态保护对当地社区居民生计的影响是乡村地理学和生态保护学关注的焦点。基于国内外相关文献,本研究从生态保护对当地社区居民生计资本的影响、生态保护对当地社区居民生计策略的影响和生态保护对当地社区居民生计结果的影响等方面对国内外生态保护对社区居民生计的影响进行系统归纳总结。依据目前研究和实践现状,提出生态补偿对社区居民可持续生计的影响过程与机制是未来需要关注的重点问题,应深入探索生态保护区社区居民可持续生计的研究,强化新技术方法在社区居民可持续生计研究中的运用。     

黄土丘陵区不同土地利用方式土壤团粒结构分形特征

土壤团粒、水稳性团粒和微团粒状况是影响土壤结构和性质的重要因素。运用分形理论研究黄土丘陵区纸坊沟流域7种不同土地利用方式土壤团粒结构的分形特征。结果表明：表层土壤团粒的分形维数在1．641—2．114之间,其大小顺序为人工草地〉果园〉坡耕地〉乔木林地〉灌丛〉天然草地〉人工梯田。土壤水稳性团粒的分形维数在1．774～2．384之间,其变化顺序为果园〉乔木林地〉人工草地〉坡耕地〉天然草地〉人工梯田〉灌丛,二者均表现出≥0．25mm粒级土壤团粒含量越低,分形维数越高的规律;分形维数与≥5mm、5～2mm和≥0．25mm粒级的土壤团粒、水稳性团粒呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与〈0．25mm粒级的呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）;结合团粒结构体破坏率可知,灌丛土壤结构与稳定性最好,其次为天然草地,人工草地最差;表层土壤微团粒结构分形维数在2．360～2．487之间,大小顺序为天然草地〉乔木林地〉坡耕地〉人工梯田〉人工草地〉果园〉灌丛,灌丛有助于促进土壤微结构形成,分形维数与0．25-0．05mm和〉0．001mm粒级土壤微团粒含量呈极显著负相关（P〈0．01）,与〈0．001mm粒级土壤微团粒含量呈极显著正相关（P〈0．01）;下层土壤质地主要与成土母质有关,人为干扰小,3种分形维数间存在显著正相关水平（P〈0．05）,土壤有机质含量与3种分形维数显著负相关（P〈0．05）。土壤团粒结构分形特征可作为土壤评价指标之一,分形理论为土壤结构、性质和评价研究提供了新方法。     

近20年藏北草地地表参数动态变化研究

草地的覆盖度、地表反照率和地表温度是评价、监测牧草生长状况和草地退化的重要参数.利用1982～2000年NOAA/AVHRR 1、2、4、5通道的10天合成资料以及常用的遥感反演和统计方法,分析了近20年藏北那曲地区3个参数的时空变化规律.主要结果:植被区内牧草覆盖度0.1～0.95,年变率-0.012～0.012 a-1,24%的草地在退化,变异系数0.05～0.6,植被覆盖度与变异系数成反比;6～9月平均地表反照率0.152～0.300,年变率-0.009～0.007 a-1,51%的草地在退化,变异系数0.02～0.23;7～8月平均地表温度20～44℃.结论:植被生长越好,植被覆盖度越高,地表反照率越小,地表温度越低.每个参数均可单独评价和监测草地退化,但综合考虑各个参数将更客观、更合理.     

Whole-genome re-sequencing association study on yearling wool traits in Chinese fine-wool sheep

To investigate single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci associated with yearling wool traits of fine-wool sheep for optimizing marker-assisted selection and dissection of the genetic architecture of wool traits, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) based on the fixed and random model circulating probability unification (FarmCPU) for yearling staple length (YSL), yearling mean fiber diameter (YFD), yearling greasy fleece weight (YGFW), and yearling clean fleece rate (YCFR) by using the whole-genome re-sequenced data (totaling 577 sheep) from the following four fine-wool sheep breeds in China: Alpine Merino sheep (AMS), Chinese Merino sheep (CMS), Qinghai fine-wool sheep (QHS), and Aohan fine-wool sheep (AHS). A total of 16 SNPs were detected above the genome-wise significant threshold (P = 5.45E-09), and 79 SNPs were located above the suggestive significance threshold (P = 5.00E-07) from the GWAS results. For YFD and YGFW traits, 7 and 9 SNPs reached the genome-wise significance thresholds, whereas 10 and 12 SNPs reached the suggestive significance threshold, respectively. For YSL and YCFR traits, none of the SNPs reached the genome-wise significance thresholds, whereas 57 SNPs exceeded the suggestive significance threshold. We recorded 14 genes located at the region of ±50-kb near the genome-wise significant SNPs and 59 genes located at the region of ±50-kb near the suggestive significant SNPs. Meanwhile, we used the Average Information Restricted Maximum likelihood algorithm (AI-REML) in the “HIBLUP” package to estimate the heritability and variance components of the four desired yearling wool traits. The estimated heritability values (h²) of YSL, YFD, YGFW, and YCFR were 0.6208, 0.7460, 0.6758, and 0.5559, respectively. We noted that the genetic parameters in this study can be used for fine-wool sheep breeding. The newly detected significant SNPs and the newly identified candidate genes in this study would enhance our understanding of yearling wool formation, and significant SNPs can be applied to genome selection in fine-wool sheep breeding.     

Response of N2O emission to straw retention under two contrasting paddy water conditions: a field experiment over rice–rice-fallow rotation

Paddy and Water Environment - Few studies are available on comprehensive impacts of straw retention and water regimes on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from rice–rice-fallow rotation systems. A...     

野生大豆内生真菌对作物促生作用的研究

为了实现绿色生态农业、农作提质增效,加快生防菌剂的研发进度。本研究利用具有广谱拮抗玉米大斑病和大豆疫霉病野生大豆内生真菌Y6R15和Y2S2为试材,通过菌液灌根和叶喷处理,分析不同处理下玉米和大豆苗期干物质和根系指标的变化。结果表明：拮抗菌株Y6R15对玉米叶片和根干重促生作用明显,均提高根长度、根表面积、根体积、根尖数等指标,以根冠比指标标准Y6R15叶喷效果为最佳方式,依据根系指标特征变化Y6R15灌根效果好于叶喷。拮抗菌株Y2S2和Y6R15处理均对大豆有促生作用,效果显著,Y6R15菌株对玉米和大豆均有促生作用。     

基于多项Logit模型的牧户生计资本对生计策略选择影响的实证研究

为探究牧户生计资本对生计策略影响,识别牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本和生计资本指标,以便引导牧民调整生计结构,提高草原治理能力。以内蒙古自治区5种草原类型15个旗（县）848户牧户为样本,运用熵值法评估牧户生计资本,建立多项Logit回归模型,识别影响牧户生计策略转化的关键生计资本。研究区牧户生计资本值为1.428;4类生计策略牧户生计资本存量为纯牧性>牧兼性>兼牧性>非牧性,P< 0.01;5种草原类型牧户生计资本存量为草甸草原>典型草原>荒漠草原>沙地草原>草原化荒漠,P<0.01。牧户以牧业收入和政府转移收入为主,纯牧性生计策略为首选的策略;金融资本存量是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本,对牧户由纯牧性向牧兼性、兼牧性和非牧性生计策略转化均具有显著负向影响。牧户家庭承包草地资源、使用草地资源和家庭总收入是影响生计策略转化的关键生计资本指标。