青苹果片过热蒸汽瞬时压降膨化动力研究

针对过热蒸汽瞬时压降膨化动力不明晰、膨化程度调控困难的问题,建立了片状物料膨化动力通用数学模型,表明膨化的能量源自于物料内部过热液体闪急蒸发做功和过热蒸汽瞬时释放做功2部分。由于不同含水率的待膨化样品孔隙率不同,而且膨化前过蒸汽加热过程中热交换所产生的冷凝水质量也不同,从而膨化前样品的孔隙率产生了不同的变化。因此,膨化度与物料的含水率、孔隙度有关,也与过热蒸汽的状态有关。以青苹果片为试验材料,结果表明待膨化样品的孔隙率随着含水率的增大而明显减小。采用温度和压力分别为430~470 K和0.1~0.5 MPa、过热蒸汽膨化含水率为15%~35%的青苹果片,运用建立的膨化动力模型可有效地预测和评价膨化条件与膨化度的关系(R~20.89)。增大蒸汽压力,对冷凝水的影响不大,可增大过热液体和过热蒸汽做功,对提升膨化动力和膨化效果最明显;升高过热蒸汽温度仅能提高过热液体做功,但显著增大的冷凝水量使得过热蒸汽做功减小,对提高膨化动力及膨化效果不明显;增加物料的含水率明显地增大过热液体做功,但是由于冷凝水量明显增加而降低了过热蒸汽做功,总体上表现为较大程度增大了膨化动力和膨化度。     

稻田株间除草机构除草过程中伤秧影响的试验研究

稻田杂草是影响大米产量和质量的一个重要因素。鉴于化学除草的负面影响,机械除草技术一直是国内外科研攻关的重点,但如何降低除草过程中工作装置对秧苗的损伤和影响成为研究的难点。为此,对稻田机械式株间除草机构的主要因素的秧苗损伤情况进行了试验研究。试验在机插稻田进行,稻苗行间距28~31cm,株间距14~15cm。试验在秧苗移栽后7天左右进行,该时间为稻田第一个出草高峰期,试验采用二次旋转正交试验方法,应用Design-Expert进行试验分析,获得了株间除草主要工作因素机器前进速度、除草盘转速、除草深度之间单因子及交互作用对伤秧率的影响。移栽7天时,田间试验在保证除草率的前提下确定了低伤秧率株间除草机构的工作参数为机器前进速度为0.38m/s,除草盘转速162.75r/min,除草深度为43.9mm,此时除草率为80.5%、伤秧率为3.8%。     

阿尔茨海默症患者康复花园设计刍议

康复花园作为一种特殊的园林形式已逐渐受到人们的关注。文中概述阿尔茨海默症患者康复花园研究概况,并以2个著名的实际案例为依托分析其设计理念和特色,从而提出阿尔茨海默症患者康复花园的设计方案,其目的是改善患者生活质量,提升其幸福感,以期对我国阿尔茨海默症患者康复花园的设计和建设有一定的参考作用。     

沈阳市不同时间尺度降水趋势及突变研究

为服务地方工农业生产,提高降水预报准确率,研究降水时空分布及变化规律。以沈阳市东陵区观测站1951—2012年逐月降水量为基础,采用极比、标准偏差、气候倾向率和Mann-Kendall非参数检验法,分析了该地区年际及四季降水的稳定性、变化趋势及突变特征。结果表明：沈阳市自1951年以来,年际降水相对稳定呈波动下降趋势,其中1953—1982年为显著减少时期,气候倾向率为-84.822 mm/10 a,1983—2012年为缓慢减少时期,年际降水在1961年突变性减少,突变之后降水量平均减少146.2 mm。近年代春季降水极不稳定,降水序列有微弱增加,不存在气候突变点。夏季降水较稳定呈趋势减少,倾向率为-15.916 mm/10 a,在1961年突变性减少,突变之后平均减少120.0 mm。秋季降水极不稳定呈微弱减少趋势,没有明显突变点。冬季降水极不稳定有微弱增加趋势,1993—2012年增加显著,在2004年突变性增加,突变后平均增加14.7 mm。年降水、夏秋季降水在1982年之前降水明显减少,1983年之后变化相对平稳;冬春季在1996年之后表现出增加趋势。     

丹寨适宜杂交稻品种筛选初探

为更好地在丹寨县推广优质高产杂交稻品种,进行了8个新品种品比试验.结果表明：两优3219、湘优22、深两优3059、Y两优3218、蓉18优662、宜香4245单产均高于准两优527（CK）,两优3219单产最高为702.8kg/667m2,比准两优527（CK）高11.1％,宜香优2115低于准两优527（CK）.     

Distribution and environmental requirements of stream habitat with Ranunculion fluitantis and Callitricho‐Batrachion vegetation in lower Belgium (Flanders)

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皮尔瑞俄类芽胞杆菌BC-39对番茄灰霉病的防治效果及防腐保鲜作用

为了探索拮抗菌株BC-39对番茄病害的控制作用,采用生长速率法、孢子萌发法测定了BC-39发酵液冻干物对番茄灰霉菌的抑制作用,并研究了菌悬液对盆栽番茄灰霉病的防治效果及其对番茄的防腐保鲜作用。经鉴定拮抗菌株BC-39为皮尔瑞俄类芽胞杆菌Paenibacillus peoriae,其发酵液冻干物抑制番茄灰霉菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发的EC₅₀分别为21.72 μg/mL和23.46 μg/mL;10⁶ CFU/mL BC-39菌悬液对盆栽番茄灰霉病的保护和治疗效果分别为70.1%和65.8%,对采后番茄灰霉病的防腐率为88.4%,经10⁶ CFU/mL菌悬液浸果处理后番茄的失重率为1.34%,低于清水对照。研究表明,皮尔瑞俄类芽胞杆菌BC-39可作为生防制剂应用于番茄灰霉病的防治及番茄的采后保鲜。     

Temporal variation of characteristic scales in urban landscapes: an insight into the evolving internal structures of China’s two largest cities

Urbanization has induced profound landscape changes. While the spatiotemporal patterns of urban landscapes have been extensively studied, the manner by which the internal structures of already urbanized areas change remains little understood. Characteristic scales are an important measure of landscape structure, and they represent the typical spatial extents of landscape elements in hierarchies. In this study, we quantified temporal variations of the characteristic scales in the central urban landscapes of Beijing and Shanghai over an 18?year period. Using transect data from Landsat images, characteristic scales were identified through wavelet analysis and then classified into several discrete domains using the k-means clustering method. These characteristic scale domains appeared to correspond with the typical extents of the blocks and block clusters in the study areas. Results showed that the number of the characteristic scale domains changed within a small range of 3?C5 while the mean values of the characteristic scales within the domains showed substantial temporal variation. Larger characteristic scales were more variable than smaller ones in both cities. Distinguishing relative change rates of building forms, land use and street layout of urban landscapes allowed us to interpret these differences. The street layout of urban landscapes usually reacts slowly to the force of change, acting as the skeleton of the urban landscape. As a result, block sizes can remain relatively stable and corresponding characteristic scales present inheritance features. Land use and building forms are more susceptible to changes. Block clusters with flexible extents could result in significant variation of characteristic scales.     

Peptide nucleic acid-based (PNA) array for the antigenic discrimination of canine parvovirus

A novel peptide nucleic acid (PNA)-based array was developed for use in ante-mortem antigenic typing discrimination in dogs with canine parvovirus (CPV). Cyclic benzothiazole-2-sulfonyl PNA monomers were synthesized that recognized GTA (CPV-2) and TAT (CPV-2a, -2b and -2c) at the nt 913–915 positions, and AAT (CPV-2 and CPV-2a), GAT (CPV-2b), and GAA (CPV-2c) at the nt 1276–1278 positions of the VP2 gene. The detection limits for aa 305 and aa 426 of the VP2 proteins belonging to the four CPV antigenic types were determined optically to be 40–2000 DNA copies, and the optimal cut-off fluorescence signaling value was fixed at 5000. The PNA array described here was developed from 135 field dog fecal specimens and had 89.8% (62/69) sensitivity and 90.4% (66/73) specificity compared with a real-time PCR using the TaqMan assay, a gold standard method. This CPV PNA array could be used together with MGB probe assays as an attractive novel tool for ante-mortem antigenic typing discrimination.