旱区光伏组件疏水性表面自清洁研究与参数优选

表面积尘会严重影响光伏组件的发电效率,可涂覆疏水性涂层提高其自清洁能力来降低积尘量。该研究将灰尘颗粒视为规则球体,基于颗粒接触力学理论,建立光伏组件表面与灰尘颗粒的黏附力学模型,简化光伏组件自清洁时灰尘的受力模型。采用不同疏水性涂层来改变光伏组件表面参数,计算得到光伏组件的自清洁性能与灰尘粒径、表面性能间的关系。研究结果表明：1）光伏组件表面自清洁性能与表面材料弹性模量和摩擦系数相关。2）清洁200 μm粒径以下的灰尘,光伏组件的表面弹性模量对自清洁性能起主要作用;清洁200 μm粒径以上的灰尘,则表面摩擦系数起主要作用。3）涂覆不同的疏水性涂层,光伏组件可自清洁不同粒径范围的灰尘。4）以中国西北地区为例,灰尘粒径分布为250～500 μm,可选择涂覆弹性模量在0～2 700 MPa内,摩擦系数为0.1的疏水性涂层以提高光伏组件的自清洁能力。研究结果为旱区光伏电站制备及涂覆疏水性涂层除尘提供理论依据。     

玉米/大豆间作种植对农田大型土壤动物群落动态变化的影响

为调查玉米/大豆间作种植模式对农田大型土壤动物群落结构动态特征的影响,采用手拣法捕获土壤动物,于2016年6～9月玉米生育期内对大型土壤动物群落组成、多样性、垂直分布和功能群特征进行了研究。结果表明:玉米生育期共捕获大型土壤动物818只,隶属于34个类群。大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长呈现逐渐增加的趋势,在拔节期间作种植显著提高了土壤动物个体数(P<0.05);玉米拔节、抽穗和成熟期10～20 cm土层大型土壤动物个体数显著高于0～10和20～30 cm土层(P<0.05)。Shannon-Weiner指数和Margalef指数随玉米生长呈现先升高后下降的趋势,在拔节期Shannon-Weiner指数和Margalef指数均最大;Simpson指数总体与Shannon-Weiner指数变化趋势相反,随玉米生长呈现先下降后升高的趋势。间作种植在成熟期显著提高了植食性大型土壤动物个体数,在拔节期显著提高了捕食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数(P<0.05);植食性和腐食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生长呈增加的趋势;捕食性大型土壤动物个体数随玉米生育期基本呈增加的趋势。     

中小型高温高压核主泵试验台设计

为了确保核主泵出厂前的安全性和功能性,验证核主泵各项性能,通过高温高压核主泵试验台的设计研究,介绍了试验台的组成、功能、安全设计等.开展了基于模型试验台结构的固有振动特性分析.研究发现,试验泵转动频率50 Hz附近的固有频率均位于离试验泵支撑较远的位置,对试验泵的运行不会产生影响;通过分析流致振动对试验台及核主泵的影响获得加固措施.试验台的设计考虑了回路升温时的热应力和位移,一方面保证核主泵在试验台上稳定运行,另一方面确保了回路系统冷、热交变和瞬态运行工况下试验台的安全.经测量,建造完成后的试验台回路在热应力的驱使下,均朝预期方向发生了相应位移,位移量与理论计算基本一致.介绍了试验台脆性断裂失效、韧性断裂失效、接头泄漏失效、弹性或塑性失稳、均匀腐蚀失效等几种主要失效模式及相应预防措施.通过该试验台完成了小型反应堆核主泵相关的验证性试验.采用的设计技术和实施内容可以指导高温试验台的设计和建造,在工程和学术方面具有一定的参考价值.     

Effects of Plant Spacing on Grain Yield and Population Quality in Mechanically-transplanted Rice with Good Tasting Quality

【Objective】The mechanical transplanting density plays an important role in grain yield and quality in rice. However, the effects of plant spacing on grain yield and population quality of mechanically transplanted rice with good tasting have not been clearly understood. Clarifying the optimal plant spacing for good tasting rice could lay a theoretical and practical basis for high yielding and good quality in mechanical cultivation.【Method】In this experiment, three rice cultivars with good tasting quality (Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46) in Jiangsu Province were used as materials, and the effects of plant spacing (10 cm, 12 cm, 14 cm, 16 cm and 18 cm) on their grain yield and population quality were investigated under mechanical transplanting when the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm.【Result】Productive tillers rate, high efficient leaf area index, grain leaf ratio (grain weight/leaf area), canopy net photosynthetic rate after heading and dry matter accumulation from heading to maturity were the highest under the plant spacing of 12 cm in above three rice cultivars. Grain yields tended to increase at first and then decrease with the increase of the plant spacing, and the relationship of quadric curve was found between grain yield and plant spacing. The optimal plant spacing for grain yield in Nanjing 9108, Nanjing 5055 and Nanjing 46 ranged from 11.6 cm, 11.6－12.3 cm and 10.8－11.4 cm in two years according to the curve equation, respectively. 【Conclusion】When the row spacing was fixed at 30 cm, the plant spacing of 11－12 cm was helpful to improve the population quality and increase grain yield, and it could be used as the optimal plant spacing for the typical rice cultivars with good tasting in Jiangsu Province under mechanical transplanting.     

Effect of calcium silicate on growth and dry matter yield of Chloris gayana and Sorghum sudanense under two soil water regimes

The effects of five rates [0 (control), 1, 2, 4 and 6 Mg ha^?1] of calcium silicate on the growth and water consumption by rhodes grass (Chloris gayana Kunth) and sudan grass (Sorghum sudanense Piper) under wet and dry soil water regimes (60 g and 30 g H₂O kg^?1 soil respectively) were evaluated in a pot experiment. The effect of the application of silicate on plant biomass was similar to that of the control. However, the shoot and root dry mass varied significantly (P < 0.001) according to the soil water regime and plant species. During the first cut, the shoot dry mass was 5.7 g per pot under the wet soil moisture regime, significantly exceeding that under the dry soil water regime proportionately by 0.68. For sudan grass, the shoot dry mass varied from 3.6 g per pot in the control to 4.3 g per pot in the treatment that received 6 Mg ha^?1 of calcium silicate. Plant water demand decreased as the rate of calcium silicate application increased, suggesting that an application of calcium silicate could reduce drought stress and enhance water economy. For the soil under study, the reduction in plant water demand represents a water saving ranging from 0.076 to nearly 0.20.     

Diurnal Variations in Photosynthesis,Stomatal Conductance and Leaf Water Relation in Sorghum Grown with or without Silicon under Water Stress

Sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] was grown hydroponically with or without 50 ppm silicon (Si), and exposed to water stress from 10 days after sowing (DAS). At 15 and 23 DAS, we measured dry weight and diurnal variations in photosynthetic rate (P _N), stomatal conductance (g _s), transpiration rate (T), leaf water potential (ψ _L), and water uptake rate (23 DAS only). The reduction in dry weight at 23 DAS caused by water stress was ameliorated by silicon. Under water stress, silicon-treated seedlings showed higher g _s, P _N, and T than untreated ones. ψ _L remained almost constant within treatments throughout the daytime. Water uptake rate was reduced by water stress, but the reduction was ameliorated by silicon. We conclude that silicon enhanced water uptake and g _s, improving water supply to the leaves. These effects of silicon occurred soon after exposure to water stress.     

承德市坝上高原典型土壤的系统分类研究

中国土壤分类尚处于发生分类占主体、系统分类快速发展的并用阶段。为了解承德市坝上高原典型土壤在中国土壤系统分类中的归属,本文在该区域栗钙土、灰色森林土、黑土等发生分类土壤类型区,挖取8个具有典型代表性的土壤剖面,进行土壤形成条件调查,并分层取样进行理化性状分析。结果发现：（1）8个土壤剖面具有的诊断表层有：有机表层、暗沃表层、淡薄表层;诊断表下层有：钙积层、雏形层;诊断特性有：半干润土壤水分状况、湿润土壤水分状况、滞水土壤水分状况、潮湿土壤水分状况、冷性土壤温度状况、纤维有机土壤物质、半腐土壤有机物质、潜育特征、氧化还原特征、盐基饱和度。（2）按照《中国土壤系统分类检索（第3版）》,8个土壤剖面归属为3个土纲（雏形土、有机土、新成土）、4个亚纲、5个土类、6个亚类。按照《中国土壤分类系统》,8个土壤剖面归属为5个土纲、6个亚纲、7个土类、8个亚类。（3）8个土壤剖面在发生分类与系统分类中发生分异的分类级别存在明显差异,两种分类体系的不同分类级别之间关系较为复杂,并不呈简单的、一对一的对应关系。     

Detection and characterization of QoI resistance in Pyrenophora tritici-repentis populations causing tan spot of wheat in Argentina

Tan spot, caused by the fungus Pyrenophora tritici-repentis (Ptr), is a disease that has become more prevalent and intense in wheat crops in Argentina in recent years. Failure to control the disease with strobilurin fungicides, which were once effective, has been observed in different zones where wheat is grown. However, whether or not true resistance is present in the pathogen population in the region is not scientifically confirmed. This study evaluated the sensitivity of numerous Ptr isolates to representative QoI fungicides used in Argentina through in vitro and in planta assays, as well as through molecular analysis. Eighty-two monosporic isolates obtained in different locations in the north and south of Buenos Aires province in 2014, 2016, and 2018 were tested to determine sensitivity to selected QoI fungicides in conidial germination and mycelial inhibition assays, as well as in molecular analysis. Conidial germination was not inhibited at 1 µg/ml of azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin. On the other hand, mycelial growth was inhibited by 59%, 56%, and 86% at 100 µg/ml of azoxystrobin, trifloxystrobin, and pyraclostrobin, respectively. The molecular analysis detected the G143A mutation in the cytb gene of all the 82 Ptr isolates, but the F129L and G137R substitutions were not present. This study documents the G143A mutation conferring QoI resistance in Ptr in South America. The findings of this study are key for future decisions regarding use of fungicide and rotation in the region.     

我国部分省域甘蓝主要产区黑腐病菌鉴定及致病力分析

 为了明确我国甘蓝主栽区黑腐病菌株种类与致病力水平,为优化抗病性鉴定方法、筛选抗病品种及抗病品种的合理布局提供依据,分别采集了10个省域的黑腐病病叶,经过分离纯化与分子鉴定,获得了26个典型甘蓝黑腐病菌株;选用5个甘蓝抗、感品种作为鉴别寄主,以甘蓝黑腐病菌株的悬浮液为接种体,采用喷雾接种法测定致病力。结果表明:来源于不同省域的黑腐病菌株致病力存在显著差异,致病力最强的是YU,病情指数平均值为38.31;致病力最弱的是SH,病情指数平均值为17.03。来源于不同海拔高度的甘蓝黑腐病菌株致病力最强的是G1500,病情指数平均值为37.93;最弱的是G800,病情指数平均值为19.80。根据鉴别寄主抗感反应将26个黑腐病菌株划分为12类致病型,发现来自不同地域的甘蓝黑腐病菌株间存在着显著的致病性分化现象,对甘蓝品种的致病力存在着显著性差异,其中菌株YU致病力最强,菌株YU可作为甘蓝抗病性鉴定的主要致病菌株,指导抗病品种的选育。     

温度对螺旋藻突变株(SP-Dz)生长及藻胆蛋白含量的影响

研究了不同温度条件对直线型钝顶螺旋藻突变株(SP-Dz)生长和藻胆蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,螺旋藻(SP-Dz)的最适生长温度为30~35℃,在30℃条件下培养的螺旋藻积累藻胆蛋白最多。