红松人工纯林3种梢斑螟成虫种群动态分析

【目的】梢斑螟是黑龙江省红松人工林的主要果梢害虫,研究了其成虫种群动态及未来种群变化趋势,为种群预测以及防治提供科学理论依据。【方法】在梢斑螟成虫发生期6月下旬—8月初,每天夜间19:00—23:00在红松林缘利用灯光诱捕梢斑螟成虫,结合幼虫鉴定种类,分析其种群动态。【结果】1)在牡丹江林口林业局的湖水、曙光和西北楞3个地点,诱捕到的种类均为赤松梢斑螟Dioryctria sylvestrella、冷杉梢斑螟D.abietella和微红梢斑螟D.rubella。2)在湖水,梢斑螟的种群数量最多,平均每天诱捕111.38头;西北楞其次,平均每天诱捕79.625头;曙光最少,平均每天诱捕69.63头。微红梢斑螟在3个地点均是优势种。3)在整个诱捕期间,冷杉梢斑螟和赤松梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—7月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬;微红梢斑螟成虫期为6月上旬—8月下旬,高峰期为6月下旬和7月中旬。4)3种梢斑螟都是在21:00—22:00诱捕的数量最多。5)3种梢斑螟的雌雄性比随着季节的推移波动较大,由开始的小于1,到接近于1,最终大于1,但总的性比接近1:1。【结论】梢斑螟的种群动态随时间和小生境的不同变化明显,6月下旬和7月中旬是其羽化高峰期,21:00—22:00是其最活跃时间。因此,对其防治应适时适地采取有效措施。     

上海半自然森林更新苗物种组成与多样性研究

城市半自然森林具有独特的群落结构和生物多样性特征,研究城市化影响的半自然森林更新特征,可以为城市生物多样性保育与地带性植被恢复重建提供借鉴。文章以上海辰山残存半自然森林1 hm^2固定监测样地为对象,调查分析半自然森林更新苗的物种组成特征。结果表明:1 hm^2样地更新苗共5 937株,分属22科32属37种,其中上海自然分布的乡土种占57.89%,明显高于城市人工林的乡土树种比例;香樟、构树、天竺桂、朴树和小蜡等5种更新苗占总数的57.2%,聚集性分布格局明显;在11个植被群落类型中,各类型更新苗的丰富度普遍较高,不同树种的更新苗存活和发育潜力存在差异。     

松节油开发合成二氢松油醇的研究

由松节油水合制松油醇再进一步加氢制备氢化松油醇的生产过程,其技术难度在于加氢反应中控制副反应。采用真空脱水,阻化剂及淌流模型等先进技术成功地控制住副反应,使加氢反应时间大大缩短,质量稳定提高,从而具有市场竞争能力。     

加拿大一枝黄花种子在不同介质中的萌发及其药剂防除

为探明加拿大一枝黄花作为杂草对农田的危害性,以氯化铵、硫酸铵和尿素溶液及土壤浸出液为介质进行加拿大一枝黄花种子萌发试验,用扑草净、乙草胺、环嗪酮、果尔和氯磺隆等5种除草剂进行萌发前除草剂处理对加拿大一枝黄花的防除试验,以农达和环嗪酮进行茎叶除草剂处理防除加拿大一枝黄花的田间试验。结果表明:加拿大一枝黄花种子在0.05%和0.20%尿素介质中的萌发率显著低于清水对照(显著水平分别达0.01和0.05),在其它介质中其萌发率与对照无显著差异;种子萌发前除草剂处理后30 d,扑草净等5种除草剂各剂量处理的鲜重防效均达到97%以上,扑草净、乙草胺和环嗪酮各剂量处理、果尔每667 m220 m l和25 m l处理、氯磺隆每667 m22.0 g处理的株防效都在90%以上;在田间对加拿大一枝黄花茎叶喷施除草剂后60 d,农达和环嗪酮各剂量处理的防效达94.44%~100.00%,处理后100 d,环嗪酮各剂量处理的防效仍达91.11%~98.89%,而农达的防效则降至80.00%。可见,农田土壤中的氮素不利于加拿大一枝黄花种子的萌发,现有除草剂也可对其进行有效的防除。     

Diverse Secondary Metabolites from the Coral-Derived Fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn1003

Three new metabolites, including a cyclic tetrapeptide asperhiratide (1), an ecdysteroid derivative asperhiratine (2), and a sesquiterpene lactone asperhiratone (3), were isolated and identified from the soft coral-derived fungus Aspergillus hiratsukae SCSIO 5Bn₁003, together with 10 known compounds. Their structures were elucidated via spectroscopic analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, and electronic circular dichroism calculations. In addition, the absolute configuration of 1 was determined by Marfey’s technique and an analysis of the acid hydrolysates using a chiral phase HPLC column. Among all the compounds, 6 and 8 showed medium cytotoxic activities against four tumor cell lines (SF-268, HepG-2, MCF-7, and A549), with IC₅₀ values ranging from 31.03 ± 3.04 to 50.25 ± 0.54 µM. Meanwhile, they strongly inhibited α-glucosidase activities, with IC₅₀ values of 35.73 ± 3.94 and 22.00 ± 2.45 µM, which were close to and even stronger than the positive control acarbose (IC₅₀ = 32.92 ± 1.03 µM). Compounds 6–8 showed significant antibacterial activities against Bacillus subtilis, with MIC values of 10.26 ± 0.76 µM, 17.00 ± 1.25 µM, and 5.30 ± 0.29 µM, respectively. Compounds 9 and 12 exhibited potent radical scavenging activities against DPPH, with IC₅₀ values of 12.23 ± 0.78 µM and 7.38 ± 1.16 µM. In addition, asperhiratide (1) was evaluated for anti-angiogenic activities in the in vivo zebrafish model, which showed a weak inhibitory effect on intersegmental vessel (ISV) formation.     

Design,Semisynthesis, Insecticidal and Antibacterial Activities of a Series of Marine-Derived Geodin Derivatives and Their Preliminary Structure–Activity Relationships

To enhance the biological activity of the natural product geodin (1), isolated from the marine-derived fungus Aspergillus sp., a series of new ether derivatives (2–37) was designed and semisynthesized using a high-yielding one-step reaction. In addition, the insecticidal and antibacterial activities of all geodin congeners were evaluated systematically. Most of these derivatives showed better insecticidal activities against Helicoverpa armigera Hübner than 1. In particular, 15 showed potent insecticidal activity with an IC₅₀ value of 89 μM, comparable to the positive control azadirachtin (IC₅₀ = 70 μM). Additionally, 5, 12, 13, 16, 30 and 33 showed strong antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Aeromonas salmonicida with MIC values in the range of 1.15–4.93 μM. The preliminary structure–activity relationships indicated that the introduction of halogenated benzyl especially fluorobenzyl, into 1 and substitution of 4-OH could be key factors in increasing the insecticidal and antibacterial activities of geodin.     

大麦野生种质资源现状及保护

通过对大麦野生种质资源分布、特征特性、影响其野外生存因素以及保护现状的阐述,认为对野生大麦资源进行保护显得十分迫切和必要。要做好大麦野生种质资源的保护工作没有现成的方法可以采用,因而显得比较困难。为此,提出了一些保护措施,即:远离现代文明的保护;建原生态环境保护点;人工种植保护。     

祁连山云杉林土壤溶磷细菌的分离及对白三叶的促生效应

为获得具有促进牧草白三叶(Trifolium repens L.)生长能力的优良溶磷细菌(Phosphate solubilizing bacteria, PSB)资源,本研究以祁连山青海云杉林(Picea crassifolia)根际土壤细菌为研究对象,采用平板定性与钼锑抗比色定量分析、系统进化分析和植物盆栽接种试验,探究了上述根际土壤所分离菌株的溶磷能力、分类地位和对白三叶生长的影响。结果表明：筛选得到的12株PSB菌株在难溶性无机磷(National botanical research institute phosphorus, NBRIP)平板上的溶磷圈直径/菌落直径的比值范围为1.44～2.40。12株PSB菌株均归属于假单胞菌属(Pseudomonas sp.)。在上述基础上,选取的5株菌株在NBRIP液体培养基培养96 h后,发酵液的可溶性磷含量范围为387.41～479.87μg·mL^-1,其中菌株LT-4发酵液的可溶性磷含量最高。植物接种试验结果表明,与空白对照相比,接种菌株LT-4能显著提高白三叶的生物量,植株地上部和根干重分别显著增加87....     

增温对荒漠草原不同退化程度草地恢复初期影响的研究

为探讨增温对短花针茅(Stipa breviflora)荒漠草原不同退化程度草地恢复初期的影响,本研究以天然草地为对照,在不同退化程度的自然恢复草地上设置增温处理。增温一年后,在2021年8月测定增温处理下天然草地和不同退化程度草地恢复初期植物的高度、密度和生物量,并计算重要值和植物多样性指数。结果表明：增温降低了天然草地和轻度退化草地的物种数;增温和退化的交互作用极显著降低群落地上生物量和C₃植物生物量(P<0.01),增温显著增加了天然草地的地上生物量,显著降低了重度退化草地的地上生物量(P<0.05);增温和退化的交互作用对物种多样性无显著影响,但增温增加了天然草地的群落多样性,降低了退化草地的群落多样性;增温增强了不同退化程度草地物种多样性与地上生物量和不同功能群生物量的相关性。综上所述,在未来全球持续变暖的趋势下,退化草地的初期恢复将变得更加困难。