气单胞菌在不同食物接触表面的存活与交叉污染

为探讨气单胞菌在不同食物接触表面的存活状况,采用擦拭取样法测定气单胞菌于案板、刀具表面的恢复率,并将气单胞菌分别接种于洁净和被污染的案板、刀具表面,评定气单胞菌在不同介质表面、不同时间下的存活状况。根据恢复率和介质表面上气单胞菌存活实测值,采用@Risk软件对介质表面实时带菌量的期望值进行计算,并运用一级线性模型对气单胞菌存活特征曲线进行拟合。同时,以案板为交叉污染途径,对气单胞菌在介质表面的存活行为对交叉污染的影响进行了探讨。结果表明:采用擦拭取样法测得的气单胞菌从案板、刀具表面的恢复率的最佳分布拟合结果分别是Normal(0.66,0.15)和Normal(0.72,0.18);气单胞菌在被污染的介质表面存活的时间(7 h)长于其在洁净介质表面的存活时间(3 h或2.5 h),且一级线性模型可以较好地对气单胞菌存活曲线进行拟合(R20.88);蒙特卡罗模拟结果表明,忽略气单胞菌在食物接触表面的存活行为会高估其在厨房内的交叉污染水平。     

Sources of resistance to cyst nematode in cultivated and wild Cicer species

Summary Among the nematodes infesting chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) plants in Syria, cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri Vovlas, Greco et Di Vito) is the most important. It is uneconomical to grow chickpea in fields infested with cyst nematode and to control this nematode with nematicide. Therefore, investigations were conducted at ICARDA, Syria from 1987 to 1991 to identify sources of resistance to cyst nematode in 7258 lines of C. arietinum and 102 lines of eight annual Cicer species including C. bijugum K.R. Rech. (13 lines), C. chorassanicum (Bge) M. Pop. (3 lines), C. cuneatum Hochst. ex Rich. (3 lines), C. echinospermum P.H. Davis (8 lines), C. judaicum Boiss. (18 lines), C. pinnatifidum Jaub. & Sp. (18 lines), C. reticulatum Ladiz. (36 lines), and C. yamashitae Kitamura (3 lines). All lines were grown in a greenhouse at 15–25°C in pots containing soil infested with 20 eggs of the nematode g^-1 soil. Nematode infestation was evaluated on a 0 to 5 scale based on number of females and cysts on roots. Resistance was found in one line of C. bijugum, six lines of C. pinnatifidum, and one line of C. reticulatum. No lines of C. arietinum, C. chorassanicum, C. cuneatum, C. echinospermum, C. judaicum, or C. yamashitae was resistant to cyst nematode. Plants with resistance have been recovered in the F₃ generation from crosses between the cultigen and C. reticulatum, indicating the possibility of transfer of gene(s) for resistance to cyst nematode from wild to cultivated Cicer species.Joint contribution from Istituto di Nematologia Agraria, ICARDA and ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics), Patancheru P.O., A.P. 502 324, India.     

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) polymorphism and its application in plant breeding

Inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR)-PCR is a technique, which involvesthe use of microsatellite sequences as primers in a polymerase chainreaction to generate multilocus markers. It is a simple and quick methodthat combines most of the advantages of microsatellites (SSRs) andamplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to the universality ofrandom amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD). ISSR markers are highlypolymorphic and are useful in studies on genetic diversity, phylogeny, genetagging, genome mapping and evolutionary biology. This review providesan overview of the details of the technique and its application in geneticsand plant breeding in a wide range of crop plants.     

A mechanism for inhibiting cross-fertilization in pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Summary Natural out-crossing imposes considerable costs and inefficiencies in breeding, evaluation and commercialization of pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.). This note reports identification of a modification of floral morphology which inhibits cross-fertilization. Floral morphology and possible mechanisms of action of this character are discussed.On leave from International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT). Hyderabad, India.     

Microsporogenesis and anther wall development in male-sterile and fertile lines of pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.)

Summary Microsporogenesis and anther wall development of male-sterile and fertile lines in pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) was examined microscopically. Male-sterility was complete and was caused by breakdown at the young tetrad stage. Degeneration of the tapetum by vacuolation occurred during the first division of meiosis and appeared responsible for pollen mother cell breakdown. Sterile plants also differed from the fertile plants in the enlargement of the inner middle layer of the anther wall, and in the lack of development of the endothecium.     

Microbial mineralization of humic acid-3,4-dichloroaniline complexes

3,4-Dichloroaniline (DCA), a biodegradation intermediate of numerous herbicides, binds covalently to soil humus to form persistent complexes. Prompted by the possibility that, upon repeated treatments, xenobiotic residues may accumulate in humus, the turnover rates of intact, solvent-extracted, and hydrolyzed humic complexes of ¹⁴C-DCA were compared with that of similarly-treated soil organic matter fractions. The turnover rate of intact humic-DCA complexes was considerably faster than the average turnover of soil organic matter. Humic-DCA complexes, that had been washed in solvents to remove adsorbed DCA or hydrolyzed to break susceptible chemical bonds, had turnover rates that were equal to or slower than that of the average soil organic matter, respectively. However, the turnover rates of the solvent-washed and hydrolyzed humic-DCA complexes were similar to that of identically-treated humic acid. The evidence indicates that an extensive accumulation of DCA or similar herbicide-derived halogenated anilines in soil organic matter is unlikely.     

Inheritance of plumage colour variations in a large flock of Japanese quail

1. The inheritance of various plumage colour variants and their underlying interactions were investigated in a large flock of Japanese quail maintained at CARI (India) by conducting reciprocal crosses between four breeding stocks inheriting Pharaoh, White Breasted, White and Brown plumages, followed by test crosses. 2. Based on the proportion of plumage-colour types in the progeny, putative genotypes were determined for parents and offspring for each of the crosses. 3. The White and Brown phenotypes were attributed to the Panda (S) and Roux (Br) loci respectively in agreement with contemporary quail stocks. 4. The White Breasted plumage type present in our stock was caused by a novel mutation with dominant gene action at an autosomal locus that was not allelic to either Panda or the White feather locus. 5. A recessive epistatic action of the Panda locus (S) on White Breasted (Wb) resulted in a White colour phenotype. 6. A novel phenotype, White Breasted-Brown was co-expressed with the Br and Wb loci. 7. It was concluded that breeding for customized feather colour phenotypes in Japanese quail using colour mutations was feasible and would be advantageous in order to overcome the limitations of legislation to protect wildlife in India.     

Assessment of genetic diversity in cabbage cultivars using RAPD and SSR markers

Genetic relationship and diversity among seven cabbage cultivars were analyzed using RAPD and SSR markers. These cultivars are of great commercial value in India and are confirmed for their reaction to black rot caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris. However, so far the extent of genetic diversity and relatedness has not been studied in these cultivars. A total of 17 selected RAPD primers generated 90 bands, 76 of which were polymorphic (84.44%). In addition, 27 selected SSR primers generated 67 amplified bands with 59 of which were polymorphic (87.6%). Though both the marker techniques were able to discriminate the cultivars effectively, analysis of combined data of markers (RAPD and SSR) resulted in better distinction of cultivars. By combining both the markers, a total of 157 bands were detected of which 135 bands (85.98%) were polymorphic, i.e. an average of 5.95 bands per primer. High level of polymorphism (> 85%) recorded with two different marker systems indicated a high level of genetic variation existing among the cultivars. Genetic relationship estimated using similarity co-efficient (Jaccard’s) values between different pairs of cultivars varied from 0.21 to 0.77 in RAPD, 0.42 to 0.82 in SSR, and 0.43 to 0.89 with combined markers. A high correspondence had been recorded between the values of genetic variations generated by UPGMA, clustering, and scatter plot diagrams. The cultivars ‘January King Sel. Improved’ and ‘Golden Acre’ are highly divergent cultivars as demonstrated by both the marker systems.