Unraveling the life history of successful invaders

Despite considerable current interest in biological invasions, the common life-history characteristics of successful invaders remain elusive. The widely held hypothesis that successful invaders have high reproductive rates has received little empirical support; however, alternative possibilities are seldom considered. Combining a global comparative analysis of avian introductions (>2700 events) with demographic models and phylogenetic comparative methods, we show that although rapid population growth may be advantageous during invasions under certain circumstances, more generally successful invaders are characterized by life-history strategies in which they give priority to future rather than current reproduction. High future breeding expectations reduce the costs of reproductive failure under uncertain conditions and increase opportunities to explore the environment and respond to novel ecological pressures.     

Genetic diversity of the pine pathogen Lecanosticta acicola in Slovenia and Croatia

Brown spot needle blight (BSNB), a disease of pine trees caused by the fungus Lecanosticta acicola, has been known in Slovenia since 2008 and in Croatia since 1975. Recent outbreaks in Slovenia prompted this study to compare L. acicola populations in these two neighbouring European countries. Sixty-nine isolates collected from three pine species (Pinus mugo, P. halepensis and P. nigra) were used to determine the phylogenetic relationships, genetic structure, and reproductive strategy of the pathogen. EF1-α sequences showed that Slovenian and Croatian isolates share a common ancestry with individuals from central and northern Europe. Population structure analysis revealed four distinct population clusters of L. acicola in these two countries, generally corresponding to their respective geographic location and host. An unequal ratio of mating types and a low overall genetic diversity in the population indicated a strong influence of asexual reproduction. Although some of the oldest recorded European occurrences of BSNB are from Croatia, this study provided no evidence that the population studied in Croatia was the source of the sampled outbreaks in Slovenia. Recent outbreaks of L. acicola in Slovenia are most likely due to introductions from other, yet to be identified, sources.     

博落回中季铵类苯并啡啶类生物碱的提取及其硫酸氢盐的抗菌活性和急性毒性

采用酸提碱沉的方法,从博落回中提取并制备了苯并啡啶类生物碱(QBAs)——血根碱(sanguinarine)和白屈菜红碱(chelerythrine)的硫酸氢盐;采用高效液相色谱法测定了2种生物碱的含量;初步测定了其硫酸氢盐对几种常见病原菌的抗菌活性,并对其急性毒性进行了研究。结果表明:所制备的QBAs硫酸氢盐中血根碱和白屈菜红碱的质量分数均在60%以上。生物测定结果表明,该生物碱的硫酸氢盐对葡萄叶斑病菌Cercospora viticola、葡萄黑豆病菌Elsinoe ampelina、葡萄炭疽病菌Colletotrichum gloeosporioides、葡萄褐斑病菌Cercospora viticola、稻瘟病菌Pvricularia oryzae、小麦赤霉病菌Gibberella zeae和辣椒疫霉Phytophythora capsici均具有较强的抑制作用,EC50值在3.35～10.08 μg/mL之间。其急性毒性属低毒,对皮肤有弱致敏性,但对眼睛有重度刺激性。博落回中QBAs硫酸氢盐制备方法稳定,具有较强的抗菌活性,可考虑开发成低毒、环境友好型植物源杀菌剂。     

博落回提取物对3种麦蚜的生物活性

采用浸渍法测定了博落回提取物（MCE）对不同龄期麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦二叉蚜的生物活性。结果显示,博落回提取物对不同龄期3种麦蚜均有一定杀虫活性,对麦长管蚜、禾谷缢管蚜、麦二叉蚜4龄有翅若蚜48 h致死中浓度LC50?分别为8.185 1、5.313 5、2.682 4 g/L,有翅成蚜48 h LC50?分别为8.575 0、6.614 7、0.590 4 g/L,毒力大小均为：麦二叉蚜＞禾谷缢管蚜＞麦长管蚜,麦二叉蚜对博落回提取物最敏感。研究结果为进一步开展博落回对麦蚜活性组分的分离纯化奠定了基础。     

利用SCoT对甜菜种质资源的鉴定及遗传多样性分析

为了研究SCoT分子标记技术对甜菜种质资源鉴定的可行性。利用80条SCoT引物对48份甜菜种质资源进行鉴别,同时对种质资源进行了遗传多样性分析和亲缘关系的鉴定。结果表明,80条SCoT引物中有6条能够扩增出清晰、且多态性高的条带,分别为SCoT1、SCoT12、SCoT13、SCoT14、SCoT17和SCoT23,其中引物SCoT1、SCoT12、SCoT14和SCoT23单独使用均可鉴别全部的48份种质资源,引物SCoT13和SCoT17共同使用可以鉴别48个种质资源;聚类分析结果表明,在遗传距离0.15处,95.8%的种质资源均聚为一类,从分子角度上表明甜菜种质资源遗传距离较小。本研究为利用SCoT分子标记技术鉴别甜菜种质资源、对种质资源进行亲缘关系鉴定、杂交组合亲本选配以及分子标记辅助育种等提供相关科学依据。     

新疆石竹亚科的分布系统及区系的研究

本文对新疆石竹亚科所含10属(共计77种,1变种)植物的分布、生境及系统位置作了详细的论述,并与新疆毗邻的哈萨克斯坦作了比较。通过研究指出新疆石竹亚科植物区系组成具有以下特征:(1)种类丰富;(2)属于中亚成分,其中以准噶尔—土兰成分和中亚—新疆—西西伯利亚成分占主要地位;(3)新疆石竹亚科植物区系与哈萨克斯坦近缘;(4)分化较强烈,特有成分丰富;(5)生态型组成复杂;(6)以旧世界温带分布属占主要地位;(7)南北疆分布种数悬殊;(8)单种属丰富。     

粉锈宁药效与小麦品种对条锈菌感病性关系的研究

在田间小区试验条件下,粉锈宁喷雾防治小麦条锈病,每666.6m~28克用药量对各类型感病小麦品种的效应是有显著差异的,对慢锈品种和前期中感,但抽穗后有抗性的品种均可控制为害,而对极感品种则未能控制产量损失;等比系列用药量对各类型感病品种的效应也是有明显差异的,在 ED_(50)和 ED_(95)(克/666.6m~2)平均值上,极感品种为9.38和74.85,高感品种为4.53和25.43,中感品种为3.62和20.96,慢锈品种为1.82和15.30。根据这一结果,模拟出各类型感病品种大田防治的每666.6m~2适宜用药量,高感品种9—12克,中感品种7—9克,慢锈品种4—6克,并经实践证明,这一剂量标准是可行的。拌种对压低各类型感病品种的成株期病情也有明显差异,造成这种差异的主要原因是各类型品种流行速度不同。     

Behaviour of bentazon as influenced by water and tillage management in rice‐growing conditions

Bentazon is a widely used herbicide in rice agroecosystems that has commonly been found in water resources. To assess how tillage and water regimes affect sorption/desorption, dissipation and leaching of bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing conditions, field experiments were carried out using tillage and flooding (TF), tillage and sprinkler irrigation (TS), no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS) and long‐term no‐tillage and sprinkler irrigation (NTS7). After 3 years, the K_d values in TS were 2.3, 1.6 and 1.7 times lower than the values in NTS7, NTS and TF respectively. Greater sorption of bentazon was related to higher contents in total organic carbon and, although to a lesser extent, in humic acids and dissolved organic carbon. The persistence of bentazon was significantly greater under anaerobic (half‐life DT₅₀ = 94.1–135 days) than under aerobic (DT₅₀ = 42.4–91.3 days) incubation conditions for all management regimes. Leaching losses of bentazon were reduced from 78 and 74% in TS and TF to 61 and 62% in NTS7 and NTS respectively. The mid‐ and long‐term implementation of sprinkler irrigation in combination with no‐tillage could be considered a management system that is effective at reducing water contamination by bentazon in Mediterranean rice‐growing agroecosystems. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry     

浅析我国麻类现代产业技术体系建设

全面分析了我国麻类现代产业基本情况,对全国现代麻类产业技术体系建设进行了初步的框架设计。